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Heavy Metals Transfer during Waste Incineration
Karásek, René ; Noskievič, Pavel (referee) ; Kabát, Viktor (referee) ; Skála, Zdeněk (advisor)
The municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous material that consists mainly of organic and mineral substances, metals and water. After thermal treatment this waste redistributes into individual incineration products. This also holds for the metals contained in the waste. This thesis deals with the behaviour of heavy metals and their compounds during the incineration process. Determining the percentage content of heavy metals from the waste entering the process of thermal utilization is practically impossible. The principal aim is to determine the amount of each heavy metal in the MSW from the incineration products. The opening sections of the thesis deal with waste, options of incineration, flue gas cleaning processes and also with the problems of the heavy metals in the environment. The next section introduces recent developments, what possibilities there are for determining the heavy metals in the waste and methods of data evaluation. The experimental part of the thesis introduces of a four-day measuring process that was conducted at the MSW incineration plant SAKO, Inc. The samples of the individual products of incineration were taken and after the laboratory analysis the results for the selected heavy metals were processed. The results include statistical data analysis.
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Interregional redistribution in the Czech Republic
KOLÁŘÍKOVÁ, Veronika
The diploma thesis deals with the interregional redistribution in the Czech Republic. The aim is to describe and evaluate the tools and the extent of the interregional redistribution in the Czech Republic. The data from the websites of the Czech Statistical Office and Monitor of the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic are used for this purpose, which are evaluated at the NUTS 3 level, and include data for the relevant regional authority and municipality within the region in the period 2003-2019. Mainly the development of the fiscal capacity of the regions over time is evaluated. Subsequently, the shared taxes are given in millions of CZK for individual regions, including municipalities, and are compared with the fiscal capacity of the region. Furthermore, the shared taxes are recalculated per capita and expressed as the percentage of the average and, together with the regional GDP per capita as the percentage of the average, displayed in a graph. Similarly, the transfer revenues are examined. Finally, the shared taxes and the transfer revenues for individual regions, including municipalities, are added up together and presented in millions of CZK and per capita, and compared with the fiscal capacity of the region. The work does not deal with the fiscal needs of individual territorial self-governing units. It was confirmed that the shared taxes and the transfer revenues are tools for fiscal redistribution in the Czech Republic. The extent of the interregional fiscal redistribution has changed over time.
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The principle of solidarity versus the principle of equivalence in the Czech social security law
Koutník, Michal ; Koldinská, Kristina (advisor) ; Vysokajová, Margerita (referee)
The principle of solidarity versus the principle of equivalence in the Czech social security law. This thesis deals with the principles of solidarity and equivalence in social security. The aim is to describe the importance of solidarity as a fundamental basis for the foundation of modern social security and to compare it with the principle of equivalence, which is often placed in contrast to solidarity. The work defines both principles generally and to capture their specific manifestations it focuses on pension security. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters which are divided into subsections, and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with both principles generally, describing their historical development and outlining ideas of selected domestic and foreign authors who have dealt with the principles in question. This chapter also summarizes the important jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court in the area. One of the subsections is dedicated to the principle of justice which is a principle closely related to the main principles in question. The second chapter is focused on pension security in the Czech Republic. It follows in detail the genesis of legal regulations of pension security in the Czech Republic in terms of the principles in question. It characterizes the current legal...
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The principle of solidarity versus the principle of equivalence in the Czech social security law
Koutník, Michal ; Koldinská, Kristina (advisor) ; Vysokajová, Margerita (referee)
The principle of solidarity versus the principle of equivalence in the Czech social security law. This thesis deals with the principles of solidarity and equivalence in social security. The aim is to describe the importance of solidarity as a fundamental basis for the foundation of modern social security and to compare it with the principle of equivalence, which is often placed in contrast to solidarity. The work defines both principles generally and to capture their specific manifestations it focuses on pension security. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters which are divided into subsections, and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with both principles generally, describing their historical development and outlining ideas of selected domestic and foreign authors who have dealt with the principles in question. This chapter also summarizes the important jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court in the area. One of the subsections is dedicated to the principle of justice which is a principle closely related to the main principles in question. The second chapter is focused on pension security in the Czech Republic. It follows in detail the genesis of legal regulations of pension security in the Czech Republic in terms of the principles in question. It characterizes the current legal...
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Heavy Metals Transfer during Waste Incineration
Karásek, René ; Noskievič, Pavel (referee) ; Kabát, Viktor (referee) ; Skála, Zdeněk (advisor)
The municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous material that consists mainly of organic and mineral substances, metals and water. After thermal treatment this waste redistributes into individual incineration products. This also holds for the metals contained in the waste. This thesis deals with the behaviour of heavy metals and their compounds during the incineration process. Determining the percentage content of heavy metals from the waste entering the process of thermal utilization is practically impossible. The principal aim is to determine the amount of each heavy metal in the MSW from the incineration products. The opening sections of the thesis deal with waste, options of incineration, flue gas cleaning processes and also with the problems of the heavy metals in the environment. The next section introduces recent developments, what possibilities there are for determining the heavy metals in the waste and methods of data evaluation. The experimental part of the thesis introduces of a four-day measuring process that was conducted at the MSW incineration plant SAKO, Inc. The samples of the individual products of incineration were taken and after the laboratory analysis the results for the selected heavy metals were processed. The results include statistical data analysis.
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Systém sociálních transferů České republiky a jeho vliv na spotřební chování domácností
Hajíček, Tomáš
HAJÍČEK, T. Czech Republic social transfers system and its influence on consumer behavior. Diploma thesis. Brno, 2014. Diploma thesis is focused on efficacy of social system of Czech Republic and its influence on consumer behavior. Social transfers are part of household's income and influence consumer behavior. Primary source of data is European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions in 2005 -- 2012. The main data source is added by data submitted by Czech National Bank and Czech Statistical Office. Efficacy of social system is analyzed in context of whole Czech Republic and also deeper according NUTS II classifications focused mainly on material deprivation, poverty and social exclusion. Recommendations in developing social transfers system are made from results of analyses.
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Analysis of the redistribution of income in the U.S. in the 70 and 80 years.
Jón, Jiří ; Pfeifer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Štekláč, Jiří (referee)
The present thesis analyzes the economic and political measures of United States President Ronald Reagan and their impact on income inequality. Moving away from Keynesian interventionist government action meant a return to the traditional, modernized, neoclassical economics in the foreground with the school supply side. Changing fiscal policy, deregulation, globalization, and the consequences of a change in the factors of demand for labor is the cause of greater poverty for children, African-American and Hispanic households. Using traditional methods of measuring the level of income inequalities prove that the popular Reagan's economic policies have had a positive impact on high-income people, and people with a university degree.
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Institutional equilibrium in redistribution systems
Wawrosz, Petr ; Kadeřábková, Božena (advisor) ; Chytil, Zdeněk (referee) ; Hlaváček, Jiří (referee)
The topic of this thesis is institutional equilibrium, its formation and disruption in human systems. The thesis analyses what is common to the most human systems and concludes that it is some kind of redistribution. That is reason for the thesis title "Institutional equilibrium in redistribution systems". As the term institutional equilibrium comes from institutional economics, the thesis begins with characteristic institutional economy and its differences form mainstream economy, defines the term institution and methodological institutionalism and explains the reasons of institution evolution. Then, the problematic of redistribution is analyzed. The thesis brings a general model of a redistribution system and describes a coalition forming in it. The thesis concludes that such a process must be facilitated and regulated by institutions and that institutions define the negotiation strength of the players and stabilize their position. In a fourth chapter, the term of institutional equilibrium is defined and its preconditions and consequences are described. Factors preventing the redistribution system from reaching the equilibrium are shown. The analysis of institutional equilibrium formation follows; the open and closed systems are addressed separately, with the emphasis being put on open systems. In open systems, the creative destruction process in ever-present, disrupting the institutional equilibrium. Therefore, a question is posed: may there be such a structure of institutions which will stay unchanged despite the ongoing exogenous changes? Or, more precisely, the change of which will not be in the interest of the players? The thesis finds that the preconditions for institutions system facilitating the institutional equilibrium are investments into skills of the players and the open access into the system. The thesis also shows that such preconditions help to reduce undesirable redistribution. The fifth chapter analyses parallel redistribution games as one of the specific way of disturbing institutional equilibrium. The parallel redistribution games have secret character; their players do not want the other players to know about their game, because their game breaches the norms of the majority of players. The parallel redistribution games may be characterized as a form of opportunistic behavior. The thesis investigates the causes of these games, the reasons why they remain uncovered and the strategies of their players. Eventually, the conditions under which the parallel games may be reduced are formulated. The institutions must fulfill these conditions as well. In the end, the institutions structure capable of introducing the redistribution system into the institutional equilibrium state is defined.
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Analysis of the family policy in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic
Vorlíková, Ivana ; Klazar, Stanislav (advisor) ; Bauernöplová, Veronika (referee)
The subject of this thesis is an analysis of the family policy in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. Families with children are supported, either indirectly through tax measures or directly through the state social benefits. The main form of support for families with children in both countries is direct support. There is more emphasis on supporting low-income families in both the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic therefore I devoted a crucial part of my work to this issue. The tax measures and various welfare benefits are defined in the theoretical part. The practical section first deals with the redistribution aspects of the family policy, where the main objective is to determine whether both countries are complying with the redistribution function, followed by the comparison, where differences of supporting families with children in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic are described.
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Individual income tax and its redistributive impacts
Kavková, Petra ; Klazar, Stanislav (advisor) ; Maaytová, Alena (referee)
This thesis analyzes the redistributive impact of the individual income tax over the time. The aim is to analyze and compare the tax burden on taxpayers and the degree of progressivity from 2000 to 2010. During those ten years, several significant changes, regarding the components of individual income tax, had occurred. In particular, there was transition from the standard deduction from the tax base to the tax credits in 2005 and 2005, and then in 2008 a change in the tax base as so-called super-gross wage, the introduction of linear 15% tax rate and in the case of the social insurance to the introduction of the maximum assessment base for employees. In this thesis the requirements for personal income tax are described at first, with focus on equity and related redistribution and measurements of the tax progressivity. The second part of this thesis describes the various structural elements of the personal income tax and their changes in individual years. The final section contains both analysis of the impact of these changes on the average tax rate for individual taxpayers and the degree of progressivity and then comparison of the average tax rate and the degree of progressivity in these ten years.
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