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The concept of mind at the beginning of modern philosophy
Kadlec, David ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
The essay concerns itself with the concept of mind in John Locke's and René Descartes' philosophy. The main focus lies on the abilities of human soul, that is understanding and will, and its ontological properties. The work tackles questions regarding personal identity, freedom of will, and the kind of substance that a mind is. Both systems are, after their introduction, critically examined, and their strengths and weaknesses are compared. The difference between both philosophers crystallizes towards the end of the piece in their view on the immateriality or materiality of mind. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The construction of curves by Descartes
Fabián, Tomáš ; Kvasz, Ladislav (advisor) ; Zhouf, Jaroslav (referee)
This work studies the construction of algebraic curves by means of mechanical plotting tools designed by René Descartes. The work includes a brief biography of Descartes, an outline of his scientific method and a description of Descartes' views on curves, their construction and use. By means of dynamic geometry several curves established by Descartes are constructed. These include curves constructed by means of a drawing instrument composed of several rulers; a drawing instrument designed for the hyperbola and its different variations, in which the guiding line is replaced by one of conics in a special position. In the final part we present the construction of four ovals, which are usable in catoptric and dioptric that Descartes constructed by a point wise construction. All drawings are made in Cabri Geometry II and are accompanied by a derivation of the equations of the resulting curves. In deriving these equations we used only elementary algebraic methods, which could be used by Descartes himself and which are comprehensible by secondary school students. Keywords: Descartes, ruler device, curve, conchoid, trident, oval
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Does consciousness exhaust the nature of thought? The meaning of Descartes's term "cogitare"
Sedláková, Jana ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to deal with the problems which arise from interpretations of Descartes' term "cogitare". It concentrates on the deconstruction of the orthodox interpretations which explain the term "cogitare" as "to be conscious". The thesis aims at introducing three alternative interpretations from Czech academic environment, the one of James Hill, of Petr Glombíček, and of Tomáš Marvan. I would like to refer to the problems of orthodox reading as well as to benefits and losses of the other interpretations. I will proceed through analysis of sensory perceptions, emotions and dream. The purpose of the thesis is not to find the definite meaning of "cogitare", but to make the readers familiar with these problems and their interpretations which I find more plausible than the orthodox interpretation. The term "consciousness" is a complex term which needs to be explained in order to be capable of explaining other philosophical problems. Keywords: Descartes, thinking, consciousness, sensory perceptions, emotions, dream, self-reflection, judgment, propositional content
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Notions Subject and Object, Soul and Body and their Relationship in Descates' Meditations on First Philosophy
Rabas, Martin ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
The aim of the study is to analyse, on the basis of Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy, the scope of the terms "soul" and "body" and to derive what meaning may be in the light of them given to the modern terms "subject" and "object." The primary question is what the respective essences of res cogitans and res extensa consist in. To achieve this goal, the study interprets relevant passages from Descartes' work and highlights its standpoints and the main ontological decisions Descartes makes. The point of this questioning is to understand his novel conception of the relation between man and the world that became determining for the modern era. Later philosophers up to this day have often considered Descartes' dualism between soul and body as a philosophical concept that should be abandoned. The aim of the work is therefore to understand what negatives result from this concept.
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Phenomenology of body and corporeality
Míková, Martina ; Hogenová, Anna (advisor) ; Rybák, David (referee)
MÍKOVÁ, Martina. Phenomenology of body and corporeality. Prague: Faculty of Education, Charles University in Prague, 2012, pp. 84 Master Degree Thesis. The aim of the master thesis deals with the phenomenology of a body and corporeality. This is mainly the analysis of the arguments to distnquish a body and soul based on the Descartes 'Meditations on the First Philosophy' and 'The Passions of the Soul'. The introduction to the Cartesian dualism, which is the introduction to the phenomenology of a body and corporeality, is followed by the analysis of key passages in 'Phenomenology of Perception' by the French phenomenologists M. Merleau-Ponty who accents the importance of human corporeality as the essential and determining condition of human being. The third section deals with the philosophy of movement because the world and a man are in relative motion, based on Patočka's texts 'Body, Community, Language, World'. The final chapter of the thesis is based on the issue of the game as a symbol of the world presented by Eugen Fink. Keywords: Descartes, perception, Pexis, body, corporeality, corporeal scheme, movement, game.
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Life and work of Isaac Newton
MAŇÁSKOVÁ, Lenka
The work is intended as a study text for the course History of Physics. It is divided into four parts. The first part is briefly summarized Newton's entire life. The second part is an overview of the political situation in Europe and the state of scientific knowledge in Newton's times. There is a list of prominent scientific personalities. The third part describes Newton's work in the field of mathematics, classical mechanics, optics and astronomy. There is also mention of ether. Part four briefly describes the work, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy".
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Love and Knowledge by Scheler and his Ancestors
PROKOPIUSOVÁ, Veronika
The work is engaged in the relationship of love and knowledge in philosophy, in particular in Platon-Augustinian tradition, where love pushes the knowledge, Partial chapters are devoted to particular authors in history of philosophy, but also in the presence. The whole work is made in spirit of dialogue between philosops, but also as confrontation with Schelers´ book Rule of love.
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