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Food composition and feeding selectivity of zooplankton
Lis, Jonáš ; Škaloud, Pavel (advisor) ; Čablová, Radka (referee)
Zooplankton are an important link in the food web between phytoplankton and higher tro- phic levels, and understanding their feeding preferences is the key to unraveling the functions and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Current knowledge of zooplankton food composition is limited, consisting mainly of laboratory experiments that have revealed different hunting strategies and selection of prey based on size and nutritional value. Recently, publications have emerged that, through the use of DNA metabarcoding, provide a completely new and comprehensive insight into the diversity of zooplankton diet composition, especially copepods, cladocerans and rotifers. These methods reveal that the feeding niches of copepods and cladocerans are distinct and do not overlap. In general, both groups are said to prefer mainly diatoms as their food, when available. The food niches of rotifers are so diverse that no clear trend can be established for the entire phylum. Cyanobacteria appear to be the main source of energy for zooplankton and are proba- bly consumed by metazooplankton largely as secondary prey when consuming ciliates and other heterotrophic prey. Furthermore, differences in feeding niches between species are known and can be partly explained by their vertical distribution, and different levels of feeding...
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Fire as an alternative way of the landscape management
Maximov, Fedor ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Adámek, Martin (referee)
Prescribed burning is a method that has been used since prehistoric times to keep unforested areas. In pastures, fire was used to remove dead biomass, return nutrients to the soil and improve forage quality, as well as to convert forests fields to a shifting agriculture. The abandonment of burning in the last century has led to an accumulation of plant biomass in the landscape. This, combined with global warming, is now creating the threat of dangerous fires. In 2022, controlled burning was allowed in the Czech Republic as a way of managing habitats that are at risk of becoming woodland without proper management. Rare heliophilous plant and animal species are tied to them. It would therefore be advisable to reintroduce this management method, together with monitoring and control of its effects on species and communities. The aim of this backelor thesis is to summarise the existing knowledge about prescribed burning in Europe. It also describes how controlled burning affects the dynamics of dry grasslands and heathlands. The main focus is on attributes of controlled burning that can be used to maintain selected habitats. Keywords: fire, vegetation, landscape management, succession
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The importance of polyploidization in the evolution of grasses of the tribe Triticeae
Papoušek, Lukáš ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Polyploidization, as a process of chromosome set multiplication, represents one of the most significant forces that shaped the evolution of angiosperms. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of polyploidization is also important. It most often originates through unreduced gametes (less so through somatic polyploidization). Autopolyploids are the result of polyploidization within one species, or population, while the formation of allopolyploids is preceded by interspecific hybridization. Polyploidization also played a major role in the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae), which includes economically significant crops (wheat, rye, and barley). The taxonomy ofthe entire tribe, especially the generic concept, has been based on genomic concepts in recent decades. However, taxonomy is considerably complicated, particularly due to hybridization, or allopolyploidization. The result of allopolyploidization and even hybridization itself is a reticulate pattern, and it is not at all easy to determine the boundaries between taxa, even at the generic level. Triticum aestivum can be considered a model species for the study of allopolyploidy, both due to its economic significance and its origin through several rounds of hybridization events. Although allopolyploidy prevails, autopolyploidy can be encountered to a lesser...
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Comparison of alternative forms of cohabitation in the Czech Republic and France
Houdková, Sylvie ; Lederer, Vít (advisor) ; Frinta, Ondřej (referee)
Comparison of alternative forms of cohabitation in the Czech Republic and France Abstract The main objective of this thesis is to provide a detailed and systematic view of different types of alternative forms of cohabitation in two different countries, in the Czech Republic and in France, using descriptive, analytical and comparative methods. This thesis is divided into six parts. First three parts are focused on French legislation. The first part introduces the French legal order and its liberal approach to homosexuality in general and to various forms of cohabitation. The second part describes in detail the Civil Solidarity Pact, registered partnership of its kind, its development over the years, as well as main reasons of its rising popularity in French society. It also provides a brief comparison with the institution of marriage in order to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of the Civil Solidarity Pact. The third part of this thesis is concerned with concubinage, a very informal alternative form of cohabitation, also embodied in French legal order. The following fourth and fifth parts describe the conservative approach of the Czech Republic to various forms of cohabitation over the years and their main advantages and disadvantages in comparison with France. It points to the division of...
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Communication with elderly people from the perspective of nursing staff
Moravcová, Dita ; Tomová, Šárka (advisor) ; Javůrková, Alena (referee)
Bachelor thesis deals with the communication with elderly people from the perspective of nursing staff. It describing in detail topic verbal and nonverbal communication and its importance in interaction with elderly people, then its works with age, aging process and associated changes. Main goal and basis bachelor thesis are research investigation. It finds out the most suitable ways of communication with elderly people in retirement home. Researching methods is quantitative questionnaire, examined respondents are nursing staff how they communicate in home for the elderly, specifically in 3 homes for the elderly in Prague. Results which we finished by quantitative questionnaire with following data analysing, we deal with them in the research part of the work. 115 is the number of respondents, who were participate quantitative questionnaire. We used our own questionnaire. Nurses should control how they communicate with patient and use professional attitude. Elderly people need our care and attention. Communication with elderly people have some specifics. It should be brief, accurate. Quiet and kindly speech is also important. Most of seniors value enough time for communication, privacy during it, patience and goodwill with smile on nurse face. Bachelor thesis deals with barriers from nurses and from...
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Interpretation of electrocardiograms in the resuscitation department and in emergency pre hospital care
Vanča, Michal ; Jirkovský, Daniel (advisor) ; Hocková, Jana (referee)
(v AJ) 1) introduction - introduction to the problem The diploma thesis on the interpretation of electrocardiograms by nurses and paramedics in the resuscitation department and in urgent pre-hospital care includes a theoretical summary of ECG pathologies, as well as addresses the issue of correct interpretation of electrocardiograms in relation to gender, age, workplace experience, and suggestions for improvement. 2) goal formulation, methodology The goal of the diploma thesis was to map the level of knowledge in interpreting electrocardiograms by nurses and paramedics in the resuscitation department and in urgent pre hospital care, depending on age, gender, length of experience, and job placement, with a focus on ECG interpretation. For the empirical part of the thesis, which deals with answering predetermined goals, a quantitative research method was chosen, conducted in the resuscitation department and emergency medical services. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire survey using a self-constructed questionnaire. The survey focused on the theoretical knowledge of ECG interpretation by nurses and paramedics. 3) main results It was found that orientation in basic ECG pathologies did not pose significant difficulties for respondents, while for more difficult interpretations, the...
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Religious conflicts in Europe - the model example of Judaism
Luňák, Václav ; Havlíček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Lepič, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis is a thorough analysis of European religious conflicts over the last fifty years. It focuses on the study of their dynamics, causes and consequences. It also explores the significant relationship between the religious conflicts associated with Judaism in Europe and the political and religious situation in Israel and the surrounding states. It analyses how these conflicts affect the dynamics of political and religious relations between Europe and the Middle East. It pays particular attention to the role that the growing Muslim population in Europe plays in anti-Semitic religious conflicts and the implications of these developments for regional stability. Last but not least, the paper analyses the localization of conflicts in Europe, with an emphasis on Western Europe. It determines whether there is a greater concentration of religious conflicts associated with Judaism in this part and what factors influence this situation. The first part of the thesis provides a comprehensive overview of religious conflicts in geographically defined Europe, examining their historical development and analysing the involvement of different religions in these disputes. The next part of the thesis pays particular attention to conflicts directed against the Jewish community. The main part then...
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Sperm DNA damage: detection methods used in clinical practice
Tušlová, Magdaléna ; Postlerová, Pavla (advisor) ; Koubek, Pavel (referee)
The current routine semen analysis, known as a spermiogram, is not able to provide a complete picture of male fertility as it does not routinely include an assessment of DNA integrity. This parameter is closely related to difficulties during conception and increased risk of miscarriage. This paper discusses the causes of sperm DNA damage, the detection of this damage by various methods and concludes with a discussion of the possibilities of incorporating these tests into clinical practice to improve the assessment and treatment of male fertility. Mechanisms of sperm DNA fragmentation include impaired spermatogenesis, oxidative stress and impaired apoptosis, which can be influenced by genetic, anatomical and external factors. The main part of this thesis was devoted to a review of methods for the detection of sperm DNA fragmentation, including sperm chromatin structure analysis (SCSA), sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD), TUNEL method, single-strand DNA break recognition test (ISNT), comet assay and chromatin staining. Although some of these methods are frequently used, challenges remain in their standardization and full integration into clinical practice. However, the possibility of their routine use could bring significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Among the...
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Water scarcity in the Czech Republic and its implementation in highschools
Kalinová, Petra ; Janský, Bohumír (advisor) ; Šobr, Miroslav (referee)
Water scarcity is one of the current issues not only in the Czech Republic. Given the fact that drought has hit the territory of the Czech Republic several times recently and also climate change, it is essential for our country to be able to prepare for repeated drought periods. Possibilities for dealing with the drought in the Czech Republic, including examples of concrete measures, as well as other basic information regarding drought in the Czech Republic, are presented in this bachelor's thesis. However, the main goal of this bachelor's thesis is to create a project day on the topic of Water scarcity in the Czech Republic. The creation of the project day is part of the PERUN project, which is focused on climate change and drought and its impact on the territory of the Czech Republic. The project day was verified in practice in the form of a pretest-posttest design, thus confirming its effectiveness and testing the quality of the materials used. In the vast majority of cases, positive trend of increasing correct answers amongst students is visible, and thus the participating students deepened their knowledge regarding this issue. Key Words: water scarcity, Czechia, high schools, tuition
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The Theory of "Loss of Chance" in the Field of Medical Law
Petr, Ondřej ; Salač, Josef (advisor) ; Šolc, Martin (referee)
The Theory of "Loss of Chance" in the Field of Medical Law Abstract This master's thesis explores an alternative approach to establishing civil liability in medical-legal relationships. Due to the disparities described in the thesis, the positions of the parties in medical-legal disputes are not equal. Therefore, the theory of "loss of chance" was developed to address this issue by introducing a new approach to proving causal connection in court. The point of the theory is to transfer the procedural deficiencies of the aforementioned disputes into the substantive realm by creating a new legally protected asset, namely, the "chance." The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part addresses the issues of medical-legal relationships and the resulting legal disputes. It explains the fundamental principles underlying the theory of "loss of chance" and highlights the differences between the conventional approach to proving causal nexus and the theory itself. The second part is devoted to the historical and foreign development of the theory. With the help of key decisions of foreign case law, the concept of theory in these foreign jurisdictions is explained, which then influences the decision-making of Czech courts in cases related to theory. The last part of the thesis deals primarily with the main...
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