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Protection of personal rights
Fízeľová, Táňa ; Švestka, Jiří (advisor) ; Dvořák, Jan (referee) ; Slavíček, Pavel (referee)
The theme of rights to protection of personality of natural person as individuality and sovereign is not only nowadays really actual topic reflecting gradual changes of social and political development of the society. Czech Republic proceeds due to influence of changes of political environment the journey of transformation of social and economical relationships. The rights to the protection of personal rights pertains to every natural person from internal nature of her existence and consequently they have important position in the system of civil law which guarantees sufficient and effective protection by means of protecting instruments, in particular by means of judicial protection. Nevertheless it is necessary to enunciate that social relationships are various so far, that frequently it is not in power of legislator to involve all human acting by enumerative legal regulation. This imperfection may of course mean gaps in legislation, and in addition legal rules are often ambiguous and systematically unelaborated. Writing of this dissertation thesis illuminates the fact that the field of rights to protection of personality which comprehends wide extent, because human being itself as natural person, who is entitled to these rights, is elementary object of inexhaustible human research for millenniums,...
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Electric characteristics of the diaphragm discharge in electrolyte solutions
Dřímalková, Lucie ; Slavíček, Pavel (referee) ; Kozáková, Zdenka (advisor)
The main object of this thesis is the diagnostics of the diaphragm discharge generated in water solutions containing supporting electrolytes (mostly NaCl), and description of particular processes before and after discharge breakdown by DC non-pulsed voltage up to 2 kV. Although many applications of electric discharge in liquids have been developed during the last years, the exact mechanism of the discharge ignition is not sufficiently known up to now. Based on this reason, this work is focused on the investigation of processes before the discharge ignition, breakdown parameters and the discharge itself both in the irregular and stable regime. The theoretical part of the work presents proposed mechanisms of the discharge generation in water solutions including the description of particular kinds of known discharges. Diaphragm discharge is one of many possible configurations of electrical discharges in liquids. In fact, electrical discharge in water forms non-thermal plasma, which is generated by high voltage, and many physical and chemical processes are started in plasma channels (so-called streamers). Among physical processes, high electrical field, shock waves and last but not least emission of electromagnetic radiation in visible and ultra-violet radiation belongs. The most important chemical processes are generation of various active species as hydrogen peroxide, and OH radical. Three batch plasma reactors using a diaphragm configuration with different total volume (4 l, 100 ml and 50 ml) are employed in the presented work. The discharge is created in an orifice (a pin-hole) in the dielectric barrier separating two electrode parts of the reactor. DC non-pulsed high voltage up to 4 kV is used for the discharge generation. Electrodes are made of stainless steel or platinum, and they are installed in parallel to the diaphragm in a variable distance from the dielectric barrier in each reactor part. The dielectric barrier is made of PET or Shapal-MTM ceramics with the variable thickness (0.2?2 mm). One pin hole st the diaphragm center with diameter of 0.2?1.5 mm are used in contemporary experiments. Time resolved characteristics of current and voltage are recorded using four-channel oscilloscope which detected their output values. Parameters are measured by the constantly increasing DC voltage with a step of 100 V. The solutions containing sodium chloride electrolyte are used at five different conductivities. Recorded time resolved characteristics determine breakdown moment, and describe current and voltage in particular parts within the static current-voltage curve. The breakdown appeared at lower applied voltage when the electrode distance is enhanced. However, the electrode distances higher than 4 cm does not induce any significant change of the breakdown voltage. The influence of pin-hole diameter is less obvious in the studied range, but a slight enhancement of breakdown voltage is observed with the increasing pin-hole diameter. Current-voltage characteristic curve moves towards lower voltage with the diaphragm thickness enhancement. The work compares the influence of conductivity change on current-voltage characteristics as well as the effect of inorganic salt kind. By the conductivity enhancement, the measured current-voltage curve moves towards lower voltage which means that the breakdown voltage is decreased. Sizes of the reactors do not have any effect on the processes before and after discharge breakdown.
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Spectroscopy of VOC degradation by surface discharge catalyzed by TiO2
Veverková, Radka ; Slavíček, Pavel (referee) ; Kozáková, Zdenka (advisor)
Bachelor thesis is focused on the study of degradation of volatile organic compounds in surface discharge catalysed by TiO2. Volatile organic compounds are dangerous both for human beings and the environment. Therefore it is necessary to eliminate volatile organic compounds. Plasma technology is one of the options how to reach their efficient removal. The experiment was carried out in the plasma reactor with electrodes for surface discharge. One or two layers of TiO2 catalyst were deposited on one of the electrodes. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas and it was mixed with air before entering the reactor. The radiation emitted by the discharge during the degradation of VOC was transmitted via optical fibre to the optical emission spectrometer Jobin Yvon TRIAX 550. Toluene, hexane, cyklohexane and xylene were used as model VOCs. During the experiment the impact of input power on catalysed or non-catalysed degradation of VOC by the discharge has been monitored. Using optical emission spectrometry it is possible to determine some important parameters of surface discharge, such as rotation and vibration temperature. The values were determined for each measurement in the range from 650 to 1050 K for rotation temperature and from 1600 to 1950 K for vibration temperature. The average error of determination was 100 K for rotation temperature and 120 K for vibration temperature. It was found, that the catalyst is without effect on the rotation and vibration temperature. In contrast, change of discharge input power significantly influenced both rotation and vibration temperature. Significantly different values of rotation and vibration temperature were obtained in the presence of particular compound for lower input power, while these values were similar for higher input power. Further, the spectral bands of nitrogen, oxygen and NO were identified from emission spectra. The obtained results may be used as a fundament for further study of volatile organic compounds decomposition in surface discharge.
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