|
|
Employment experiences among people with schizophrenia
Nykl, Matěj ; Zábrodská, Kateřina (advisor) ; Šípová, Ivana (referee)
This master's thesis deals with the issue of work experiences and employment of individuals with schizophrenia. Research indicates that engagement in work activities can have a positive impact on the course of the illness, but employment is significantly more challenging for individuals with schizophrenia compared to the general population. Although most individuals with schizophrenia are interested in being employed, only a small proportion of them succeed in the long term. In the Czech context, this is a relatively unexplored issue, therefore there is a lack of knowledge about how people with schizophrenia experience their employment and what difficulties they face. The aim of this master's thesis is to further explore the work experiences of individuals with schizophrenia and to determine what specific factors they perceive as supportive or limiting for their involvement in paid employment. The theoretical part of the thesis is divided into two main chapters, with the first one focusing on schizophrenia itself including its symptoms, prognosis, diagnosis, and the impacts of stigma. The subject of the second chapter is the possibilities of employment for individuals with schizophrenia, particularly the benefits associated with work, support mechanisms for this group, and their needs. The...
|
|
|
Conflict prevention and de-escalation in pediatric nursing
Prosová, Iveta ; Raudenská, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Vlachová, Marie (referee)
Background: This paper focuses on conflict prevention and de-escalation in pediatric nursing. Aims: The theoretical aim of this thesis is to review relevant information on conflict prevention and de-escalation in paediatric nursing from the available Czech and international literature. The obtained knowledge is to be sorted, critically assessed and evaluated. The empirical aim of this thesis is to carry out quantitative research using a non-standardized questionnaire distributed distributed to nurses working in paediatric inpatient wards of Motol University Hospital, to statistically process and evaluate the obtained data and to formulate conclusions and recommendations on conflict prevention and de-escalation for practice based on the results of the questionnaire survey. Methodology: The research was conducted in the form of a non-standardized anonymous questionnaire of our own design, distributed to paediatric, general and practical nurses working in the paediatric wards at Motol Hospital. 144 correctly completed questionnaires are included in the final study. Results: The research survey revealed that although 72% of nurses consider education on conflict prevention and de-escalation important, only 21% of nurses have received such education in the last 5 years. Of the 68% of nurses who report...
|
|
|
The importance of polyploidization in the evolution of grasses of the tribe Triticeae
Papoušek, Lukáš ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Polyploidization, as a process of chromosome set multiplication, represents one of the most significant forces that shaped the evolution of angiosperms. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of polyploidization is also important. It most often originates through unreduced gametes (less so through somatic polyploidization). Autopolyploids are the result of polyploidization within one species, or population, while the formation of allopolyploids is preceded by interspecific hybridization. Polyploidization also played a major role in the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae), which includes economically significant crops (wheat, rye, and barley). The taxonomy ofthe entire tribe, especially the generic concept, has been based on genomic concepts in recent decades. However, taxonomy is considerably complicated, particularly due to hybridization, or allopolyploidization. The result of allopolyploidization and even hybridization itself is a reticulate pattern, and it is not at all easy to determine the boundaries between taxa, even at the generic level. Triticum aestivum can be considered a model species for the study of allopolyploidy, both due to its economic significance and its origin through several rounds of hybridization events. Although allopolyploidy prevails, autopolyploidy can be encountered to a lesser...
|
|
|
The role of voltage-gated calcium channels in mammalian adipose cells
Pěknicová, Zuzana ; Ryšková, Lucie (advisor) ; Vlachová, Viktorie (referee)
Fat cells (adipocytes) are important regulators of adipose tissue and the whole organism. These cells are actively involved in whole-body energy homeostasis and changes in their function and metabolism have a far-reaching impact on an individual's health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the proper functioning of adipocyte cellular processes can significantly aid in the treatment of a number of diseases including obesity, type II diabetes, and others. Therefore, considerable effort is currently being devoted to investigating the various signaling pathways involved in the life of a healthy adipocyte. Calcium, or its active form Ca2+, is an essential tool for cellular signal transduction and triggers a several biologically important processes in most cell types, including adipocytes. This bachelor thesis focuses on the regulation of calcium homeostasis by voltage-gated calcium channels, which appear to be active in the adipocyte, even though it is generally a non-excitable tissue. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the type, structure and function of calcium channels and their effects on adipocyte (patho)physiology. Possible therapeutic benefits based on the regulation of selected calcium channels as potential targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders are also...
|
|
|
Sperm DNA damage: detection methods used in clinical practice
Tušlová, Magdaléna ; Postlerová, Pavla (advisor) ; Koubek, Pavel (referee)
The current routine semen analysis, known as a spermiogram, is not able to provide a complete picture of male fertility as it does not routinely include an assessment of DNA integrity. This parameter is closely related to difficulties during conception and increased risk of miscarriage. This paper discusses the causes of sperm DNA damage, the detection of this damage by various methods and concludes with a discussion of the possibilities of incorporating these tests into clinical practice to improve the assessment and treatment of male fertility. Mechanisms of sperm DNA fragmentation include impaired spermatogenesis, oxidative stress and impaired apoptosis, which can be influenced by genetic, anatomical and external factors. The main part of this thesis was devoted to a review of methods for the detection of sperm DNA fragmentation, including sperm chromatin structure analysis (SCSA), sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD), TUNEL method, single-strand DNA break recognition test (ISNT), comet assay and chromatin staining. Although some of these methods are frequently used, challenges remain in their standardization and full integration into clinical practice. However, the possibility of their routine use could bring significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Among the...
|
|
|
Circadian regulation of body temperature
Knobloch, František ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Horníková, Daniela (referee)
This thesis addresses the topic of circadian control of body temperature, a key aspect for understanding the temporal regulation of the body and its influence on physiological processes. Temperature is a strong signal that is under the strict control of the thermoregulatory system, which very effectively prevents major fluctuations even under non-standard conditions. Although the daily rhythm in body temperature oscillates within a very narrow range, it is an important information for all the cells of our body, which contributes to their coordinated functioning. This thesis synthesizes the available knowledge on how the circadian system creates this rhythm and how temperature and factors that influence body temperature may in turn enter into the temporal regulation of our body. The aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics between the circadian system and thermoregulation, and to highlight the many bidirectional connections that may overlap with countless other physiological processes.
|
|
|
Cortical microcircuits and synaptic transmission in epilepsy
Doležal, Filip ; Králíková, Michaela (advisor) ; Svoboda, Jan (referee)
Epilepsy is a permanent predisposition of the brain to generate epileptic seizures. This widespread disease significantly impairs patients' life. Since epilepsy is defined only by its common symptoms, the research is complicated due to the variety of possible causes that can result in this disorder. Although many forms of therapy targeting different etiologies of this disorder exist, it is often challenging to select the right treatment and about one third of the patients still suffer from refractory seizures. Nevertheless, several proteins that participate in synaptic transmission and may undergo specific changes in their function have been identified. These changes in function affect both the activity of synapse and the involvement of synaptic connections in neuronal microcircuits. Microcircuits are common motifs of connections amidst excitatory and inhibitory neurons that are necessary for the transmission and processing of information in the brain. Microcircuits can be temporarily or permanently impaired by pathogenic processes on the molecular level, which may be responsible for the origination and propagation of seizures. Keywords epilepsy, ictogenesis, microcircuits, synaptic transmission
|
|
|
The role of cytochalasins in cancer cell migration and invasiveness
Brož, Alexandr ; Brábek, Jan (advisor) ; Bašta, Miroslav (referee)
While metastasis causes the majority of cancer related deaths, purely migrastatic drugs have been neglected in clinical research. This trend has been changing in recent years, with drugs capable of preventing metastasis, migrastatics, coming into focus. Cytochalasins are a large group of actin-directed fungal metabolites, often used for cytoskeletal and anticancer research. As the actin cytoskeleton plays a major role in tumour cell invasion and migration, processes integral in metastasis, it is possible that cytochalasins could have a future as migrastatics. The majority of cytochalasin-related research pertains to cytochalasin B and the more potent cytochalasin D, making both a large focus of this thesis, though the lesser researched cytochalasins A, E, H, Q and others are mentioned as well. Cytochalasins B and D have been shown to inhibit migration and invasion of cells with liposome encapsulation reducing side effects greatly, possibly enough to alleviate one of the main concerns of any cytochalasin therapy, toxicity. Though other cytochalasins have also been shown to inhibit cell motility, any conclusions as to their migrastatic translational potential are hard to draw due to the lack of research.
|
|
|
Root - shoot junction (collet) development
Hermann, Jiří ; Žárský, Viktor (advisor) ; Tylová, Edita (referee)
Although the root-shoot junction (collet) of adult plants is a well-identifiable part of the plant body, its development has, surprisingly till now, escaped serious research attention. The junction is a key region in the life of plants, as it connects two contrasting plant life environments and involves important changes in developmental programs - underground vs aboveground. The junction in angiosperms is first established during the embryogenesis phase of development in the form of the broad embryonic root- hypocotyl transition region, and it continues to develop further after seed germination during the individual's growth. The most important organ in this process is the hypocotyl, which exhibits considerable developmental plasticity, allowing extraordinary elongation in etiolated dark growth but also initiating formation of adventitious roots upon the deetiolation. During each stage of the junction's development, auxin signalling and polar auxin transport play a crucial role. Most of the research focuses on the development of the junction in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The significance of the phylogenetic origin of the junction is also discussed from the perspective of the evolutionary origin of roots vs shoots and embryos evolution. This work aims to provide an overview of the...
|
|
|
The possibilities of a joint matrimonial testament in the Czech, Austrian and German legal systems
Jakoubek, Lukáš ; Zvára, Michael (advisor) ; Salač, Josef (referee)
The possibilities of a joint matrimonial testament in the Czech, Austrian and German legal systems Abstract The institute of a joint testament of spouses is not included in the Czech legal system, although the closest legal regulation that is the inspiration for our codification, i.e. the German regulation (BGB) and the Austrian regulation (ABGB), include this institute. The thesis relies mainly on commentary and specialist literature in the German language, due to the frequency of use of the institution of joint matrimonial testament in the Federal Republic of Germany, the sources related to the regulation under this legal system prevail. The author aims to answer the question of whether the Czech legislation should be inspired by foreign legislation and allow for joint matrimonial wills following the example of Austrian or German legislation. This institution's use depends on the quality and clarity of the legal regulation, which, as the sources show, is significantly higher in the German legal regulation. The adoption of the Austrian legal regulations, which are neither sufficiently comprehensive nor understandable to the general public, would probably bring an institution that is not used in practice into the Czech legal system. On the other hand, the adoption of a complex regulation based on the model...
|
guest ::
