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The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant performance under the specific edaphic conditions of serpentine soils
Doubková, Pavla ; Sudová, Radka (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
P. Doubková: The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant performance under the specific edaphic conditions of serpentine soils Summary Serpentine soils represent a unique environment characterized by unfavourable physicochemical properties involving low calcium to magnesium ratio, increased concentrations of heavy metals, often also deficiencies of essential macronutrients, and low water-holding capacity. Under these adverse conditions, a considerable potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to promote plant growth was hypothesized due to the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis for plant nutrition and alleviation of various types of abiotic stress. On a model host plant species, Knautia arvensis (Dipsacaceae), we examined: i) occurrence of AM symbiosis and species richness and composition of the native AMF communities; ii) role of AM symbiosis in plant growth, element uptake and drought stress tolerance; iii) edaphic differentiation in plant populations or in AMF symbionts under serpentine vs non-serpentine conditions. Generally, K. arvensis plants showed lower frequency of mycorrhizal root colonization at serpentine compared to the non-serpentine sites. Adjacent serpentine and non-serpentine populations also differed in AMF species assemblages colonizing their roots. Both,...
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Importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities for the growth of selected plant species on an abandonned field
Voříšková, Alena ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
The thesis deals with the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on the growth of selected plant species at a locality in České středohoří. This locality is characterized by close neighborhood of a semi-natural dry grassland and a former field abandonned in the 1990s, typical for the mosaic of biotopes in the region. The study is based on previous findings that some plant species, which are common at the semi-natural dry grasslands, do not colonize the abandoned fields. As AM is an important factor affecting diversity and productivity of plant communities we hypothesized that this phenomenon could be related to changes in AM fungal communities at the abandoned field. The hyphothesis was tested in a greenhouse pot experiment with three taxonomically related pairs of plant species, always one species growing at the abandoned field and the second one not. Growth and phosphorus uptake of the plants was followed in soils of both biotopes after factorial inoculation with AM fungal communities from both biotopes. The experiment was complemented by description of AM fungal communities in the roots of six plant species pairs from the locality using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The greenhouse experiment revealed positive mycorrhizal response in all plant species, but the origin...
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Northern Bohemia as a potential distribution area of the genus Tuber including summer truffles (Tuber aestivum)
Šťovíček, Václav ; Gryndler, Milan (advisor) ; Jablonský, Ivan (referee)
Truffles are economically important fungi that are naturally present in the territory of the Czech Republic. Their geographical distribution is traditionally documented by the field incidence of fruitbodies. Advanced detection methods, however, enabled us to detect the presence of Tuber spp. at localities without a need for finding the underground fruitbodies. In this work, a molecular genetic detection method based on the polymerase chain reaction with specific primers was used. It enables us to determine the occurrence of members of the genus Tuber including Tuber aestivum in the studied samples. Members of the genus Tuber were detected in 67 cases out of a total of 190 samples. Highly probably, Tuber borchii, Tuber foetidum, Tuber rufum, Tuber dryophilum, Tuber umbilicatum, Tuber huidongense, Tuber oligospermum and Tuber aestivum have been detected. Since the sequence similarity with the closest species is relatively low in some cases, some of the obtained sequences might belong to hitherto unknown truffle species. Environmental factors analyzed explain only a small portion of the variability, acted weakly and cannot be taken as decisive for the presence or the absence of a species in a sample. The occurrence of truffles in the slopes of the study area was noted and it seems to be still more...
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The importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis for the course of primary succession in a limestone quarry
Nevěčná, Michaela ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis was established millions of years ago and became one of the most symbiotic relationship at all. With increasing human interventions in the natural environment, its importance is growing. Understanding the importance of mycorrhizal fungi in the succession of vegetation on spoil banks , can significantly help rebuild the disturbed sites and can significantly reduce the cost of the entire process of reclamation. The aim of this study was to describe the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on spoil bank of quarry Čeřinka and the ability of these fungi to influence the structure of local plant community. To fulfil these aims, mycorrhizal inoculum potential was determined. It demonstrated that mycorrhizal fungi spread on spoil bank relatively fast. Application of soil, a source of inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other soil microorganisms did not influence the composition of the plant community. Greenhouse experiment with two of the original steppe plant species, describes the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for spread more specialized species in the spoil bank. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, succession, dump, limestone quarry, vegetation
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Mycorrhisa in fossil record
Kadlecová, Veronika ; Kvaček, Jiří (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is present in the vast majority of extant land plants. Mycorrhizae represent a significant source of nutrients for both partners of the symbiosis and can also provide them with protection or help them survive in less hospitable enviroment. Mycorrhizae is believed to have been just as important in the past and played a major role in evolution of plants, for example in the transition of plants onto land. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is an object of many research works today for its agricultural importance. There is an amount of publications on research of fossil mycorrhizae, but there is still little interest in this issue. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Molecular biology of soil fungi participating in litter decomposition in forest ecosystems
Voříšková, Jana ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee) ; Koukol, Ondřej (referee)
In forest ecosystems, substantial part of carbon enters soil in the form of plant litter. The decomposition of litter and soil organic matter represents an important process affecting nutrient cycling and carbon balance in soils. Fungi are considered the primary decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems due to the production of wide range of extracellular enzymes that allow them to attack the lignocellulose matrix in litter. Even if fungi represent key players in organic matter decomposition, the information about the structure and diversity of their communities is still limited and the roles of individual fungal taxa in forest soils remain unclear. This Ph.D. thesis focused on the characterization of fungal communities in forest soils and their potential to decompose plant litter. The method for in-depth analysis of complex microbial communities from environmental samples was established and used. In addition, single eukaryotic functional gene was analysed in soil for the first time at a depth that allowed reliable estimation of diversity. It was demonstrated that microbial community composition differs among horizons of forest soil profile. Despite similar diversity, significant differences in microbial community composition were observed between the DNA and RNA. Several microbial groups highly...
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Evolutionary ecology of the genus Geosmithia
Veselská, Tereza ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
7 Abstract The genus Geosmithia Pitt (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) belongs to fungi living in symbioses with bark beetles. Its original strategy is association with phloeophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). The Geosmithia shows strong affiliation to vector (bark beetles) worldwide and the spectrum of host plants is delimitated by niche of vector. The genus includes the specialists to family Pinaceae, but also the generalists with wide range of host plants mainly belonging to broad-leaved trees. G. morbida changed its ecology from saprotrophic to pathogenic way of life and causes decline of Junglans nigra in the USA. Characteristics which allow its pathogenesis are not known. Another derived strategy, which occurred at least twice independently, is association with the ambrosia beetles. The ambrosia beetles create galleries in xylem with low nutritive value, and thus they cultivate ambrosia fungus, on which they are entirely nutritively dependent. The ambrosia fungi share convergent phenotype which leads to large terminal conidia and to ability of yeast growth. This master thesis is focusing on study of the features, which are important for individual ecological groups: the specialists to family Pinaceae, the pathogene, the ambrosia fungi and the generalists. It is becoming apparent that the most...
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Occurrence and significance of fungi associating with mycotrophic plants
Kohout, Petr ; Vohník, Martin (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
Mycorrhizal symbiosis represents one of the most important symbioses in the plant kingdom. It is a mutualistic interaction between plant roots and filamentous fungi, where fungal partner provides mineral nutrients, water and often improved protection against pathogens and plants supply fungi with photosynthetic assimilates. Besides mycorrhizal fungi, plants interact with a miscellaneous group of non-mycorrhizal root associated fungi, so called fungal endophytes. Notwithstanding ubiquity and possible importance of root associated fungi, their interactions with host plants have not been hitherto satisfactorily studied. The present Master thesis contains three papers and is aimed on two interesting topics contributing to unveiling different roles of mycorrhizal symbioses in ecological significance of plants and their survival and fitness in specific environments: (i) to address the potential role of ectomycorrhizal fungi and Ericaceae plants in facilitating the invasion of Pinus strobus and (ii) to identify mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi associated with endangered orchid and aquatic plants. We assessed diversity and communities' composition of mycorrhizal and non- mycorrhizal fungi using classical culture-dependent approaches as well as modern culture- independent techniques. Results from the first...
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Fungi associated with tree roots
Charvátová, Markéta ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
In contrast to the bulk soil environment, plant roots represent a habitat with higher nutrient availability due to the supply of photosynthesis-derived C-containing compounds. The roots thus support the life of various microorganisms that use such compounds, but the root-associated microbes in the same time may face a limitation in N and P availability. Unlike bacteria, many filamentous fungi are able to transport these compounds from soil and their mycelia thus typically extend into this environment. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are a typical example of this nutrition strategy. Tree roots produce exudates, that differ in thein composition for each species and they can also differ among individuals. It causes a high diversity of root-associated fungi. Soil is also inhabited by parasitic and saprotrophic fungi. Composition and activity of microbial communisies in the rhizosphere differ from the bulk soil. This work points at the differences of the rhizosphere and builk soil, the importance mycorrhizal fungi and it presents an overview of fungal species that have been found on the roots of spruce - Picea abies. Key words: fungi, mycorrhiza, soil, rhizosphere, Picea abies
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