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Mechanisms of chromosome rearrangements and their relation to the formation of polyploid species
Vaňková, Tereza ; Knytl, Martin (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Polyploid species are significantly represented among plants and some animals. Whole- genome duplication (WGD) is an unstable process with rapid changes in a genome and also changes in chromosomes. These changes includes chromosomal aberrations, such as translocations, duplications, insertion and inversions. Chromosomal aberrations and WGD are strongly represented in the evolution of organisms. Therefore the study of their mechanisms is important for an understanding of genomic development. At present, there are developments in cytogenetic technique helping study polypoid genomes and also helping add polyplodozation events to evolutionary contexts. These techniques includes banding as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization, which, thanks to the applicability of various probes, helps to detected chromosomal rearrangements. Keywords: Chromosome rearrangements, polyploid, WGD, cytogenetic techniques, FISH
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Analysis of concentration, ownership structure and integration tendencies of breweries in Czechia
Forman, Martin ; Květoň, Viktor (advisor) ; Slach, Ondřej (referee)
Over the last ten years the phenomenon of opening new microbreweries has reached Czechia. Since 2008 more than 350 new microbreweries have been opened and the map of breweries has recorded significant changes. Regarding these facts the main goals of this thesis were to analyze the brewing industry in Czechia in the context of ownership structure, concentration tendencies and mergers and acquisitions activity. First part focuses on the characteristics of the breweries' geographical layout related to the ownership structure and size based on annual beer production and in context of selected socioeconomic indicators. Following this part is an analysis of decomposition with use of concentration and cluster ratios. This part aims on cluster forming tendencies of brewing companies. The analytical part is completed with mergers and acquisitions characteristics in this industry sector. The basic figures and signs of the geographical decompositions were identified based on selected analytical methods and complex maps. Several concentration zones where breweries tend to cluster were labeled using the cluster analysis. Mergers and acquisitions reveal the difference in integration activity according to the brewery size. Key words: brewing industry, breweries, ownership structure, concentration, cluster, Czechia
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Mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements in the context of polyploid species and its forming
Vaňková, Tereza ; Knytl, Martin (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Polyploid species are significantly represented among plants and some animals. Whole- genome duplication (WGD) is an unstable process with rapid changes in a genome and also changes in chromosomes. These changes includes chromosomal aberrations, such as translocations, duplications, insertion and inversions. Chromosomal aberrations and WGD are strongly represented in the evolution of organisms. Therefore the study of their mechanisms is important for an understanding of genomic development. At present, there are developments in technique helping study polypoid genomes and also helping add polyplodozation events to evolutionary contexts. These techniques includes banding as well as fluorescent in situ hybridization, which, thanks to the applicability of various probes, helps to detected chromosomal rearrangements.
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Avian polyomaviruses
Škvára, Petr ; Fraiberk, Martin (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Avian polyomaviruses are small, nonenveloped viruses from family Polyomaviridae, which can cause acute infection with high mortality of infected birds. In contrast with other polyomaviruses, avian polyomaviruses do not share similar pathogenesis, because most of them do not cause acute diseases. The main point of this work is to summarize available information about avian polyomaviruses and to compare them to each other. This work also compares avian polyomaviruses with mammalian polyomaviruses. The primary focus is made on genome organization, structure and function of viral proteins, but also on pathogenesis and epidemiology of avian polyomaviruses. In conclusion, even if avian polyomaviruses share common signs with other polyomaviruses, they have different conserved sequences, host specificity and pathogenicity. Summary of current knowledge about avian polyomaviruses could help to understand the importance of this newly established genus in the field of polyomavirus research. Key words: avian polyomaviruses, taxonomy, genome, viral proteins, pathogenesis
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Heterochromatin variants of the human karyotype
Michalová, Michaela ; Šípek, Antonín (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Chromosomes are cell structures consist of chromatin, out of which one kind is a constitutive heterochromatin, which contains non-coding sequences only and is transcriptionally inactive. Heterochromatin blocks consist of highly repetitive sequences of satellite DNAs, which allows the parts to be variable. The largest areas of heterochromatin can be found at long arms of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y, but heterochromatin areas also affect the variability of the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13 - 15, 21 and 22. This bachelor thesis based on a number of scientific essays summarizes findings about heterochromatic variants, their occurrence, frequency, possibilities of examining as well as their clinical significance in today's world. It mainly highlights their possible connection with reproductive failures and contradictory results of individual observations. Contemporary results show the importance of new laboratory methods (molecularly cytogenetic), which can be used in specifying and more detailed sorting of findings, which were previously tagged as harmless variants according to less accurate banding methods. The summarization implies that emphasis should be put on the study of clinical meaning of heterochromatic variations. These can influence the progress of meiosis and thus trigger...
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Karyotype evolution of the Dictyoptera group
Jankásek, Marek ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Diploidní počty chromosomů a komentář k jejich morfologii pro 107 druhů řádu Mantodea ♂ - , 126 druhů skupiny "Blattaria" ♂ - a 84 druhů skupiny Isoptera ♂ - této bakalářské práci s meiotickému dělení a chromosomovým mechanismem určení pohlaví. Pozornost byla také dána některým zvláštním prvkům karyotypu skupiny Dictyoptera jako je premetafázní protažení a formace rozličných chromosomálních multivalentů. Celková informace o karyotypech skupiny Dictyoptera je vztažena k řádu Mantodea, principy karyotypových změn napříč evolucí některých nově definovaných skupin mohly být navrženy. Ve skupině "Blattaria" není možné utvářet jakékoliv širší úsudky o karyotypové evoluci, jelikož většina cytogeneticky studovaných druhů je z čeledí "Ectobiidae" a Blaberidae, pro které stále chybí detailnější fylogenetická studie. Některé evoluční trendy mohly být vyneseny ve skupině Isoptera, jakožto formace rozličných chromosomových sexuálních multivalentů a častá fúze jednoramenných chromosomů. Klíčová slova:
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Molecular mechanisms of G2/M checkpoint regulation
Kořínková, Klára ; Macůrek, Libor (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Cell division is necessary for maintaining tissue homoeostasis, but at the same time its defects are closely related to the development of many diseases including cancer and premature ageing. Activation of oncogenes leads to replication stress and directly threatens genome stability. The right control of transition between interphase and mitosis is an important mechanism for the protection of genome integrity. Nuclear division is only possible with those cells in which flawless duplication of genetic information occurred. By contrast, cells with damaged DNA structure remain temporarily or permanently stopped at G2 phase of the cell cycle. The topic of this thesis is a detailed literature overview with the subject of molecular mechanisms of the G2/M transition regulation under unperturbed conditions and in the presence of damaged DNA.
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Nuclear envelope interactions
Štach, Martin ; Forstová, Jitka (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
The nuclear envelope is composed of the inner membrane and outer membrane, which is a continuation of the rough ER. Lipids of the nuclear envelope compossess signaling functions. Ganglioside GM1 helps to regulate the concentration of Ca2+ in the nucleus. . Proteomic studies revealed about 100 proteins present in membranes nuclear envelope. Nevertheless, no functions for most of them were uncovered. LEM proteins (LAP2, emerin, MAN1) interact with BAF factor linking them to the lamina and chromatin. The main function of LAP1 and LAP2 is association with lamins. Emerin binds transcriptional repressors, is involved in signaling and RNA splicing. MAN1 binds lamins. LEM2 plays a role in nuclear morphology arrangement. LBR associates with lamin B, DNA-binding proteins and heterochromatin. LINC complex composed of nesprins and SUN proteins links the cytoskeleton with nucleoskeleton. Transport of proteins into the inner membrane is provided through the nuclear pore by several different mechanisms. Keywords: nuclear envelope, emerin, LBR, LAP, MAN1, LINC, transport
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Microtubule acetylation and its role in viral infection
Mariničová, Zuzana ; Horníková, Lenka (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
New findings about posttranslational modifications of microtubules lead us to believe that microtubules are an important aspect of regulation of cellular functions and signaling. The same applies to the most studied one, acetylation of lysin 40 of α-tubulin. Acetylated microtubules have been considered more stable for decades, however, the specific tubulin acetyltransferases and deacetylases have been identified only recently. Even though the important role of acetylation has been described in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, we are still unsure of its implications for function as in contrast with its role in pathology, almost normal mutants in one of the acetylation enzymes have been described. Involvement of acetylation in viral infection was studied as well. It can be deduced from the available information that viruses modulate signaling pathways that include the acetylation modulating enzymes. After viral entry to the cell higher levels of acetylation are observed and its inhibition usually leads to inhibition of entry. This is the reason why studying acetylaton and its regulation is so important, better understanding of these processes can help us develop new therapeutic agents not just against viral infection, but against other diseases as well. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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