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The Czech pharmaceutical industry : Do specific features of the relevant market provide sufficient incentives for an effective informal regulation?
Stacho, Miroslav ; Streblov, Pavel (advisor) ; Fialová, Kamila (referee)
The bachelor thesis provides an overview of specific features of relevant market. Based on both empirical and theoretical findings it attempts to justify sufficiency of drug producers' incentives for an effective self-regulation of their (un)ethical conduct. The overview in the first part of the thesis includes brief description of R&D process, statutory interventions before and after a new drug is introduced to the market, area and tools of self-regulation enfocement. Subsequently, a model combining conclusions from previous chapters, additional relevant studies and practical experience from Czech market is drafted and tries to answer central question of the thesis whether sufficient incentives exist for the producers to monitor themselves effectively.
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Active labour market policy and its regional effects in the Czech Republic
Kalíšková, Klára ; Flek, Vladislav (advisor) ; Fialová, Kamila (referee)
Active labour market policy is a widely used labour market intervention, which should increase the efficiency of labour market and help increase regular employment. However, its real impacts on labour market conditions are ambiguous. Although the literature concerning effectiveness of active labour market policy (ALMP) measures is extensive, there is no conclusive evidence regarding which ALMP measures are efficient and to what extent. The effectiveness of active labour market policy depends on many circumstances including characteristics of a given measure and conditions on a given labour market. Therefore, decisions regarding implementation of ALMP measures should be based on high-quality and systematic evaluation of impacts of these measures in the given labour market. In the Czech Republic there is no regular system of active labour market policy evaluation, but the need of evaluation is even more serious in the current economic crisis. The thesis offers both theoretical and empirical analysis of the active labour market policy effectiveness. Theoretical analysis introduces a comprehensive labour market model, which results from findings of existing literature and enables us to identify macroeconomic effects of ALMP measures on aggregate labour market situation. Second part of this thesis introduces an...
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Essays on Public Finance
Lichard, Tomáš ; Hanousek, Jan (advisor) ; Palda, Filip (referee) ; Fialová, Kamila (referee)
This dissertation analyzes two presently widely discussed topics in Public Finance: relationship between the shadow economy and tax policy, and the effect of financial transaction taxes on the functioning of financial markets. The first chapter describes presently used estimators of the size of the shadow economy, with a focus on microeconomic estimators. It illustrates problems with assumptions that a vast majority of recent studies use to identify underreporting (mainly the comparison of employed and self-employed) using data from four transition economies as an example. It shows that the most common assumption, that self-employed evade whereas employees do not is probably too strict in less compliant economies, where even employees have opportunities to evade through e.g. under-the-table wages or by moonlighting at unreported jobs. The second chapter develops an estimator of unreported income that relaxes some of these strict assumptions. Assuming only that tax-evading households have a higher consumption- income gap than non-evaders in surveys, an endogenous switching model with unknown sample separation enables the estimation of both the probability of hiding income and the expected amount of unreported income for each household. Using data from Czech and Slovak household...
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Minimum Wage: Theory, Policies and Economic Consequences in the Czech Republic
Fialová, Kamila ; Erbenová, Michaela (advisor) ; Hlaváček, Jiří (referee)
Minimum wage is a highly controversial instrument of labour market policies. Economic theorists have not reached a broad consensus regarding its consequences so far. The same situation applies to empirical research. Nevertheless, minimum wage is used in many developed countries and its utilization is recommended by different international organizations Advocates of minimum wage seek arguments mainly in decreasing poverty of low income individuals, reducing income disparities, motivation of low productive workers and making work pay. However noble these goals might be, minimum wage would not be an effective tool to promote them as it might increase only incomes of those individuals who work. Moreover, introducing and increasing minimum wage might represent a large burden for employers who might decide to fire workers, whose productivity would not reach the minimum wage. To the extent in which these negative consequences would occur, potential benefits for working poor would be limited. The thesis summarises the results of various economic concepts of minimum wage, empirical studies of its consequences and international trends in approaching of this issue. Consecutively, it presents an analysis of the minimum wage development in the Czech Republic since its introduction in 1991 and of the impact of...
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The anti-alcohol measures in Russia and life satisfaction
Baydadaeva, Nigina ; Fialová, Kamila (advisor) ; Opatrný, Matěj (referee)
1 Abstract The long-standing issue of the alcohol consumption level in Russia, remaining among the highest in the World, has resulted in the introduction of strict anti-alcohol regulations aiming to mitigate the negative aftermath. Substance abuse influences many spheres of life, including life satisfaction. Moreover, in the special case of Russia, hazardous drinking led to the increase in the probability of men's death. This thesis examines the relationships between the newly introduced anti-alcohol policies in Russia during the period from 2009 to 2014 and the life satisfaction of alcohol consumers. To perform the analysis, the Difference-in-Differences principle is applied to the sample derived from the two waves of the non-governmental survey conducted by The Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey - Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). The respondents are divided into two groups: alcohol consumers (treatment group) and abstainers (control group). The analysis is firstly performed on the whole sample of the Russian population, then on the masculine subsample. The results of both parts of the analysis show no evidence of an increase in the life satisfaction of alcohol consumers following the implementation of the anti-alcohol regulations over the period under review. Keywords: taxes, life satisfaction,...
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Minimum wage : theory, policies and economic consequences in the Czech Republic
Fialová, Kamila ; Erbenová, Michaela (advisor)
Minimum wage is a highly controversial instrument of labour market policies. Economic theorists have not reached a broad consensus regarding its consequences so far. The same situation applies to empirical research. Nevertheless, minimum wage is used in many developed countries and its utilization is recommended by different international organizations Advocates of minimum wage seek arguments mainly in decreasing poverty of low income individuals, reducing income disparities, motivation of low productive workers and making work pay. However noble these goals might be, minimum wage would not be an effective tool to promote them as it might increase only incomes of those individuals who work. Moreover, introducing and increasing minimum wage might represent a large burden for employers who might decide to fire workers, whose productivity would not reach the minimum wage. To the extent in which these negative consequences would occur, potential benefits for working poor would be limited. The thesis summarises the results of various economic concepts of minimum wage, empirical studies of its consequences and international trends in approaching of this issue. Consecutively, it presents an analysis of the minimum wage development in the Czech Republic since its introduction in 1991 and of the impact of...
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Minimum wage : theory, policies and economic consequences in the Czech Republic
Fialová, Kamila ; Erbenová, Michaela (advisor)
Minimum wage is a highly controversial instrument of labour market policies. Economic theorists have not reached a broad consensus regarding its consequences so far. The same situation applies to empirical research. Nevertheless, minimum wage is used in many developed countries and its utilization is recommended by different international organizations Advocates of minimum wage seek arguments mainly in decreasing poverty of low income individuals, reducing income disparities, motivation of low productive workers and making work pay. However noble these goals might be, minimum wage would not be an effective tool to promote them as it might increase only incomes of those individuals who work. Moreover, introducing and increasing minimum wage might represent a large burden for employers who might decide to fire workers, whose productivity would not reach the minimum wage. To the extent in which these negative consequences would occur, potential benefits for working poor would be limited. The thesis summarises the results of various economic concepts of minimum wage, empirical studies of its consequences and international trends in approaching of this issue. Consecutively, it presents an analysis of the minimum wage development in the Czech Republic since its introduction in 1991 and of the impact of...
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Essays on Public Finance
Lichard, Tomáš ; Hanousek, Jan (advisor) ; Palda, Filip (referee) ; Fialová, Kamila (referee)
This dissertation analyzes two presently widely discussed topics in Public Finance: relationship between the shadow economy and tax policy, and the effect of financial transaction taxes on the functioning of financial markets. The first chapter describes presently used estimators of the size of the shadow economy, with a focus on microeconomic estimators. It illustrates problems with assumptions that a vast majority of recent studies use to identify underreporting (mainly the comparison of employed and self-employed) using data from four transition economies as an example. It shows that the most common assumption, that self-employed evade whereas employees do not is probably too strict in less compliant economies, where even employees have opportunities to evade through e.g. under-the-table wages or by moonlighting at unreported jobs. The second chapter develops an estimator of unreported income that relaxes some of these strict assumptions. Assuming only that tax-evading households have a higher consumption- income gap than non-evaders in surveys, an endogenous switching model with unknown sample separation enables the estimation of both the probability of hiding income and the expected amount of unreported income for each household. Using data from Czech and Slovak household...
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Three Essays on Labor Market Institutional Environment
Fialová, Kamila ; Schneider, Ondřej (advisor) ; Münich, Daniel (referee) ; Brada, Josef (referee) ; Dybczak, Kamil (referee) ; Janáček, Kamil (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Studies Three Essays on Labor Market Institutional Environment Dissertation Thesis Kamila Fialová Prague 2012 Abstract This thesis consists of three papers about labor market institutional environment. The first paper "Labor Market Institutions and Their Effect on Labor Market Performance in the New EU Member Countries" estimates the effects of labor market institutions on various performance indicators (unemployment, long-term unemployment, employment, activity rate) in European countries. The results confirm that high taxes increase unemployment, whereas active labor market policies tend to reduce it. The paper also shows that stricter employment protection, higher taxes, and a larger economic burden represented by the minimum wage decrease employment and activity rates. The second paper "Labor Market Institutions and Their Impact on Shadow Economies in Europe" analyzes the role of labor market institutions in explaining developments of shadow economies in European countries using several alternative measures of the shadow sector. The results indicate that the one institution that unambiguously increases shadow production and employment is strict employment protection legislation. Other labor market institutions have less...
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