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Theoretical tools for categorization and functional explanations of relations in language
Křivan, Jan ; Elšík, Viktor (advisor) ; Stekauer, Pavel (referee) ; Skarabela, Barbora (referee)
1 Abstract The dissertation Theoretical tools for categorization and functional explanations of relations in language is focused on linguistic categorization from the perspective of empirical gram- matical research. The primary aim is to present the theoretical and practical potential for the investigation of grammatical categories, stressing functional explanations of why cer- tain language structures are the way they are. The text is divided into two parts. (i) The first two chapters are devoted to the theoretical and methodological foundations of empirical linguistic research (including issues of metalanguage, language comparison, discreteness and gradience). Particular emphasis is placed on functional-evolutionary approaches, which describe grammar in interconnection with language use, and more specifically on func- tional explanations by means of frequency. (ii) In the following three chapters, the potential of corpus-based research is demonstrated in accordance with the principles adopted in (i). It is applied to the linguistic categories of possession and adjective comparison in Czech. Possession in Czech is described with regard to hypotheses based on statistical tendencies in language use. The main results of the research revealed the relationship between frequency of use and the animacy hierarchy,...
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Verbal suppletion in Indo-European languages
Frantíková, Dita ; Bičovský, Jan (advisor) ; Elšík, Viktor (referee)
(in English): Typology of verbal suppletion on the ground of Indo-European languages is the focus of the thesis Verbal suppletion in Indo-European languages. The diachronic approach is of special interest. Description of verbal suppletion in the oldest stages of the IE languages and reconstruction of their Proto-Indo-European forms is thus aimed for (for each of the ten well-described IE language branches, one sample language is chosen, and its verbal system and suppletive verbal paradigms are described). Besides the descriptive data from individual language branches, the outcome of the thesis comprises the evaluation of the data by typological means from diachronic and synchronic view-point and its assessment in relation to frequency, semantic fields and Semantic relevance hierarchy. The thesis delivers a review of Proto-Indo-European roots in suppletive paradigms and their mutual relationships.
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A phonological description of the south central Romani variety of Veľký Krtíš
Ludlová, Nikola ; Elšík, Viktor (advisor) ; Červenka, Jan (referee)
The thesis is a basic description of the phonological system of the South Central Romani variety of Veľký Krtíš, which has not been analyzed so far. This variety was spoken in the south-eastern part of Slovakia. The thesis provides a description of the phoneme inventory, further of the major historical changes and synchronic development, influenced by romani dialects and majority languages contact. It is also devoted to the survey of phonetic realization of the phonemes.
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Dialectological and sociolinguistic aspects of contact between two north-central Roma language subdialects in the town of Jelšava
Samko, Milan ; Vacek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Elšík, Viktor (referee)
SAMKO,Milan: Dialectological and sociolinguistic Aspects of Contact between two North - central Roma Language Subdialects in the Town of Jelšava [Doctoral thesis]/Mgr.Milan Samko-Charles University in Prague. Faculty of Philosophy & Art; Qualification level: doctor philosopiae (PhD.).- Prague:UK,2011.p.142 .+ appendix p.48. Doctoral thesis deals in with Roma language in the town of Jelšava. Subdialect of native Roma town citizens (hereinafter L1) and the subdialect of Roma citizens who moved in to the town of Jelšava (hereinafter L2). Goal of our paper is to present selected dialectological and sociolinguistic aspects of contact between L1 - L2. In pursuance of selected phenomenons we want to present contrastivity L1 - L2, lexical variation L1 - L2, extent and tenor of L1 ↔ L2 accommodation. We interpret and confront these within three generations of L1 and three generations of L2, aggregate for L1 and aggregate for L2. Our paper likes to observe the rate of change and evolutional tendencies in this area, from oldest L1 and L2 generation to youngest L1 and L2 generation. Young generation represents for us the indicator of evolutional tendencies and predictions for observation of these linguistic processes. The town of Jelšava is for us the only one known habitat in Slovak republic, where these...
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The expression of the spatial category of vector on verbs - a typological study
Škoviera, Samuel ; Elšík, Viktor (advisor) ; Křivan, Jan (referee)
The spatial properties of languages are one of the core topics among cognitive lin- guists. Our attention will be focused on just one spatial property - the so-called vector. It is a spatial category expressing the direction and/or basic shape of the path of motion. The vector has been given more attention within noun phrases expressed by cases, prepositions or postpositions, where it is more apparent. Our main concern, however, will be directed at the expression of this particular category on verbs. The current thesis has the form of a pilot study done on three languages from different parts of the world and language families: Standard Mandarin Chinese, German and Manambu (East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea). Utilising a basic typological method of comparing the reference grammars of selected languages, we focus on the existence of this phenomenon, type and position of the marker, semantic-functional distinction and cumulation with other grammatical categories. The main part of the thesis is the thorough analysis of vector as a part of spatial system in each language. In the last part we compare the behaviour of the vector and according to our findings we present the typological results. Keywords space, motion, path, vector, direction, typology, semantics, verbs of motion, verb complex, verbal...
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Final schwa in Dutch
Kratochvíl, Tomáš ; Machač, Pavel (advisor) ; Elšík, Viktor (referee)
This thesis deals with final schwa in Dutch in final segments -e and -en, which are in most of contemporary Dutch dialects homophonous because of the elision of the final nasal. The first part of the research was designed as a study of the pronunciation of native Dutch speakers. The subject of this part of research was an analysis of recordings of the text designed specifically for the purposes of the analysing of the final schwa focusing on the homophony of final -e and -en. This part used a pair of sentences which containing potentially homophonous substantives which differed in their grammatical number. The second part of this research consisted of the perception test using short recordings of semantically ambiguous sentences in order to find out how native speakers of Dutch differentiate grammatical number in cases where singular and plural forms of words in sentences are homophonous. Although I didn't find any convincing evidence of the influence of elision of nasal on the preceding schwa, the results of the perception test show that the perception of homophonous words differing in their grammatical number is based mainly on the semantics of the word in question and its context. Keywords: Dutch - phonology - phonetics - homophony - schwa
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Prenominal possessive genitive in Czech
Kartáč, Ivan ; Křivan, Jan (advisor) ; Elšík, Viktor (referee)
This bachelor thesis explores prenominal possessive genitive from the perspective of functional and typologically oriented linguistics. Using statistical methods applied to material from corpora of spontaneous spoken Czech, effects of animacy, phrase weight, recursion and allomorphy on genitive position are examined. The results suggest that animacy is the most important factor predicting the use of prenominal genitive and this feature is further discussed in cross- linguistic context. The data also suggest that prenominal position may have certain advantages when using recursive possessive phrases. Effects of morphophonological alternations have been observed as well.
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Interferences in the gender conceptualization of inanimate referents in bilingual Hungarian speakers
Červenková, Michaela ; Elšík, Viktor (advisor) ; Křivan, Jan (referee)
This work deals with possible interferences in gender conceptualization of inanimate objects in bilingual speakers of Hungarian and Slovakian language. It closely pursues the grammatical category of gender (which is present in one of the examined languages, in Slovakian, and absent in the other one - Hungarian). The aim of the performed experiment, in which two groups of speakers participated (one was the previously mentioned group of bilingual speakers of Hungarian and Slovakian, and the second one was a control group of Hungarian monolingual speakers) was to verify if the presence of grammatical gender in one of the two languages, spoken by the bilingual group of speakers, will affect their conceptualization of gender of the inanimate referents. Another aspiration was to find out if bilingual speakers, as well as the monolingual speakers of Hungarian had accordant responses to some of the inanimate objects, and also if there was a congruence in the responses between the two participating groups of speakers. A secondary aim of this experiment was to examine a phenomenon, which appeared in the previous conducted research (Červenková, 2017), which was the effort of the respondents to make the first phoneme of their response identical with the first phoneme of the name of particular object in...
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Final schwa in Dutch
Kratochvíl, Tomáš ; Machač, Pavel (advisor) ; Elšík, Viktor (referee)
This thesis deals with final schwa in Dutch, especially in ending segments -e and -en, which are today in most of Dutch dialects homophonous because of the elision of final nasal. The first part of the research was designed as a study of the pronunciation of native Dutch speakers. The subject of this part of research was an analysis of recordings of text designed specially for the purpose of the analysis of final schwa with focus on the homophony of final -e and -en. This part used sentences which differed only in the grammatical number a substantive; in some cases verbs were also used. The second part of this research consisted of the perception test with short recordings of semantically ambiguous sentences, with purpose of finding out how native speakers of Dutch differentiate grammatical number in cases where singular and plural forms of words in sentences are homophonous. Keywords: Dutch - phonology - phonetics - homophony - schwa
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Tocharian loanwords in Chinese
Židek, Jan ; Kim, Ronald (advisor) ; Elšík, Viktor (referee)
This work was created to review the evidence for lexical borrowing from the Tocharian languages to the Chinese languages. The used methodology relies on lexical lists, previous etymological findings, linguistic typology and anthropological input. For preparatory data manipulation, a set of semi- automatic scripts has been created. Presented is a qualitative research based on previous findings assisted by raw data. The outcome of this work should be testable findings which could be extracted to a computer processable form.
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