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Contrastive analysis of Czech and Finnish tenses in paralel corpus
Noronkoski, Sanni ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Fárová, Lenka (referee)
Cílem této práce je srovnávat metodami korpusové lingvistiky systémy slovesných časů v češtině a ve finštině, zejména z hlediska překladu. Tato otázka mě zajímá především z pohledu překladatele, tedy praktického, ale abychom mohli vytvářet nějaké obecné zákonitosti této problematiky, budeme samozřejmě muset vycházet z teorie. Proto je třeba udělat obecný srovnávací obraz vzájemného vztahu slovesných systémů těchto dvou jazyků. Ten pak bude porovnán s výsledky získanými pomocí korpusu. V analytické části této práce se zaměříme na 20 vybraných českých sloves, jejich výskyty v česko-finském paralelním korpusu (projekt InterCorp), jejich finské ekvivalenty, jazykové okolnosti a kontexty těchto sloves. Předmětem zkoumání jsou hlavní tendence v překládání slovesných časů z jednoho jazyka do druhého, zejména v případech, kdy se slovesné časy používané v těchto jazycích ve značné míře liší. Tyto rozdíly se pokusím představit a vysvětlit na základě gramatiky. Zajímavá je také otázka, do jaké míry je na základě paralelního korpusu možno vytvářet obecné zákonitosti.
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Recent developments of the Czech lexicon, notably in economic terminology
Nowak, Filip ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Holub, Jan (referee)
Economics is ranked among the most popular sciences of Today. It is not only the experts who consider economics; non-professional economists do it as well. Economy influences our daily lives and we have a major piece on its development and on the language that describe it. This situation causes the occurrence of some anomalies among economic terms, tendency to use unusual linguistic means on purpose to catch reader's attention or because of natural motivation of well-known matters lying beyond the economic field. This diploma thesis tries to highlight some of those phenomenons. The research takes its stand on the technical economic studies data from the electronic database of Czech National Corpus (Český národní korpus), which allows to determine their frequency as well. The attention is paid mainly to the most typical model in Czech terminology: adjective - noun, noun - adjective, where in addition to semantic, functional classification and frequency, the metaphoric and metonymic motivation or their pragmatic sides are delimitated. There is an effort to classify the metaphoric and metonymic collocations that occurred in the random text sample into semantic categories. Naturally, there is an outline of terminology and metaphors matters as well. The quantitative results are attached in the tables related to...
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Generalization and specification of lexical meaning in contemporary translation of fiction
Kubáčková, Jana ; Čermák, František (referee) ; Jettmarová, Zuzana (advisor)
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the notions of generalization and specification as universal trends in translation and potential candidates for the status of universals of translation. Methods used in empirical research are also discussed in some detail. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on generalization and specification in the context of Descriptive Translation Studies, Corpus-Based Translation Studies and the work of the translation scholar Jiří Levý. Chapter 2 further attempts to present a comprehensive picture of both potential universals by examining the notion of lexical meaning and the issue of synonymy in the context of lexicology and stylistics. Finally, it draws attention to typological (systemic) differences between Czech and English and the impact these differences have on shifts of lexical meaning in terms of generalization/specification and on the use of electronic corpora. Chapter 3 outlines the three following stages of empirical research in terms of materials and methods. It presents a description of the three sets of corpora (a large monolingual comparable corpus, a parallel unidirectional English-Czech corpus, and a parallel corpus of one original and two translations), the choice of texts, reference corpora and corpus-processing software tools. Texts analysed in the three types of corpora...
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Aspects of the Slavic verb "to have" - in grammar. Its auxiliation and the grammaticalization of the European analytic perfect type structures "have" + PPP - Bulgarian, Macedonian, and a corpus based study of Czech
Marvanová, Mira ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Damborský, Jiří (referee) ; Petkevič, Jiří (referee)
The verb "to have" is one of significant elements of the ELA (European Linguistic Area). It belongs to the first stage of europeisms, yet it is not part of the IE heritage and its origin is different in the majority of European languages. Another phenomenon of later date which can be considered a europeism of structural type is the emergence and the development of the analytical perfect habere-tenses or constructions of this type in most of the European so-called haberelanguages, including Slavie. We obviously deal here with an expanding process, the original epicenter of which was Vulgar Latin - with some participation of Greek - in the conditions of centuries-long mutual bilingualism. The subsequent process of diffusion and induction developed several euro-zones out which Slavic represents the two last ones. The process of the europeanization, i.e. its spread ("euro-diffusion") from this epicenter to the European Linguistic Area (ELA), took place firstly in Romance, later in Germanic reaching eventually Slavie through two channels at the threshold of the 20th century. ln the South, this process became one ofthe components ofthe Balkan linguistic integration. It proved to be the most intense in Macedonian as well as in some South Bulgarian dialects which were in direct contact with non-Slavic languages of...
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Theory of interventions and the concept of minimal intervention
Cvrček, Václav ; Sgall, Petr (advisor) ; Čermák, František (referee) ; Kořenský, Jan (referee)
Theory of Interventions Theory of Interventions was elaborated as a general methodological and sociolinguistic theory describing 1) influences which can change the language development (types of intervention, their effect and their classification) and 2) the possible ways how to design relationship between linguists, speakers and language. According to this theory, language is an object which is exposed to interventions (metaphor of an Brownian motion from physics, p. 19). Among other possible divisions, interventions can be of two types: individual and institutionalized (p. 18). Individual interventions include processes of (self-)censorship, proofreading or language management in media. These interventions create a spontaneous order, they are plural and variable. Therefore they mutually interfere and their impact is very small or none (they almost never influence the immanent evolution of language). On the other hand, institutionalized interventions include processes leading to standardization of language, language education or language politics. Impact of institutionalized interventions can influence development of language, because they are monopoly and because of their authority.
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Comparative aspects of Czech and Ukrainian proverbs
Portechko, Galyna ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Holub, Jan (referee)
This graduation work is dedicated to the problems of Slavonic paremiology on the base of comparative analysis of the Ukrainian and Czech proverbs. In my work I inaugurate theoretical, paremiological, comparative and gender questions of the selected sphere of proverbs. My work sconcetrates on female's proverbs. The basic aim of this graduation work is to determine paremiological minimums in both language areas, to analyze the structure of proverbs and to compare gender stereotypes.
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The use of Czech and Russian prepositions according to parallel corpus
Nadykta, Nadzeya ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Loikova-Nasenko, Tatiana (referee)
This diploma thesis is devoted to description of Czech and Russian system of prepositions. It presents a general account of formal, functiona1 and semantic aspects of Czech and Russian prepositions and considers the use and distribution of them based on paral1el corpora data (70000 aligned sentences). Its source contains 107 single-word prepositions and 433 multi-word ones in Czech and 105 single-word prepositions and 222 multi-word ones in Russian. These prepositions are excerped from the parallel corpora, their concordantions are quantied and analysed in detail. Proposal of review of corespondence of Czech and Russian prepositions conceived as a set of the most frequent collocations of the original preposition and as an account of equivalence i1ustrated by model examples of conversive and multi-word prepositions is outlined upon achieved results. The whole list is equipped with semantic and valency tags.
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