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Language Policy in Norway in the 20th Century and in the Beginning of the 21st Century
Doušová, Iva ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Dubec, Pavel (referee)
Diplomová práce pojednává o přístupu k řešení jazykové otázky, která se v Norsku objevila po roce 1814, kdy skončila dánská nadvláda, během níž dánština nahradila v písemném styku norštinu. Bylo nutné stanovit, jakou podobu by měl mít psaný norský jazyk: zda by to měl být riksmål - tj. ponorštěná dánština (později známý jako bokmål), nebo landsmål - tj. nový jazyk, vycházející z norských dialektů (později přejmenovaný na nynorsk). Práce nejprve popisuje, jak vznikl jazykový spor mezi zastánci nynorsk a bokmål v 19. století a jak byl vázán na tehdejší politickou situaci a naopak. Poté je analyzováno, jak byla ve 20. století rozvíjena a přijímána oficiální jazyková politika, kterou po několik desítek let určovala sociálnědemokratická strana. Do ní spadají pravopisné reformy z let 1907, 1917, 1938, 1959, 1981, 2005 a 2012, zákony o užívání jazyka, politika sbližování nynorsk a bokmål s cílem vytvořit společný jazyk samnorsk a vytvoření jazykového orgánu Språkrådet (Jazykové rady). Nakonec práce zkoumá, jak vypadá jazyková situace v Norsku v souvislosti se vztahem bokmål-nynorsk v prvním desetiletí 21. století. The thesis deals with the approach to linguistic issues which emerged in Norway after 1814 when Danish domination ended. During the domination Danish replaced Norwegian in written communication. It was...
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Animal species in Czech and Danish phraseology
Mořická, Eva ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Houhová, Jana (referee)
and key words The final thesis discuss idiomatic expressions, which includes words related to animal kingdom. An essential point of the whole thesis was creation of a list of all relevant Danish idioms. There was found their Danish definitions as well and subsequently also their Czech equivalent words. Equivalent degree was found by all words. The thesis is divided into theoretical part and practical part. The first one describes idiomacity and phraseology as a whole and compares Danish and Czech works on this topic. Other subjects, which is needed in the practical part, is discussed. Deep analysis of the list of the idioms is the content of the practical part of the thesis. Main topics is perception of animals in Czech and Danish, degree of their mutual equivalency and some other specific subjects related to animal idioms. Key words: animal kingdom, Czech, Danish, equivalency, etymology, phraseology
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Phrasems in Norwegian and Czech - A Comparison from the Cognitive Linguistics Perspective
Payneová, Marie ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Vaňková, Irena (referee)
In this thesis we deal with the analysis of expressions - in particular the metaphorical and phraseological expressions - containing a motive of an animal in Czech and Norwegian. The method is based on cognitive linguistics, mainly on the Polish ethnolinguistic school, with a special focus on the definition of metaphor and symbol from the point of view of the philosophical hermeneutics. We describe and support some common principles of the perception and conceptualization of animals in both languages and we focus on semantic connections concerning this topic. Our main focus is on the expression wolf - we compare the linguistic picture of the world of this controversial animal in Czech and Norwegian.
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The possibilities of expressing perfective and imperfective aspect in Danish
Houhová, Jana ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Vrbová, Jaroslava (referee)
Základním východiskem práce je myšlenka, že českému rodilému mluvčímu, který je zvyklý rozlišovat v jazyce slovesa dokonavá a nedokonavá, může v dánštině občas odpovídající prostředek k vyjádření vidu chybět. Za cíl práce jsem si proto stanovila odhalit rodilému mluvčímu češtiny možnosti, které k odlišení významu dokonavosti a nedokonavosti v dánštině může použít. Práci jsem rozdělila na dvě části - teoretickou a praktickou. V teoretické části v úvodu stručně pojednávám o vidovém systému českých sloves, o vidu dokonavém a nedokonavém a způsobu jejich použití a v dalších oddílech se zabývám konkrétními způsoby, jimiž lze v dánštině význam dokonavosti a nedokonavosti vystihnout, a pokouším se definovat i situace, v nichž překlad z češtiny do dánštiny nečiní problémy. Nabízím několik možností klasifikace dánských sloves na základě charakteru děje, které se do jisté míry podobají klasifikaci sloves českých na základě dokonavosti a nedokonavosti, a sice dělení na slovesa statická a dynamická (tj. slovesa vyjadřující buď stav, nebo děj), telická a atelická (tj. slovesa označující děj, který buď vede, nebo nevede ke změně stavu) a dělení založené na způsobu slovesného děje (tj. dělení na slovesa perfektivní a imperfektivní, přičemž obě skupiny zahrnují další podskupiny sloves rozdělených na základě průběhu děje v...
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Use of Loanwords in contemporary Norwegian and Dutch
Bartásková, Pavla ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Hrnčířová, Zdeňka (referee)
The subject of the thesis is to appraise the situation of the extent and the way of use of English loanwords in Norwegian and Dutch. The issue is presented on the background of historical development of borrowing in these languages and also explained in the contemporary tendency of English words usage in non-English speaking countries. To document the official attitude of Norwegian and Dutch media to loanwords we add the results of survey among the particular editors. On the basis of loanwords principles in Norwegian and Dutch, presented in the theoretical part, we assess the English loanwords in particular articles published in Norwegian and Dutch Internet news journals. The attention is aimed to the general analysis of English loanwords in Norwegian and Dutch, to the analysis of the domains noticeably influenced by the loans and to the morphological and orthographical integration of loanwords in the monitored languages. The outcomes of each analysis for Norwegian and Dutch are compared and interpreted. Key words: English, borrowing, Dutch, journalistic style, loanwords, Norwegian
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Proměny psané norštiny a jejich odraz v tisku na území Spojených států během 19. století a první poloviny 20. století
Bartásková, Pavla ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Křížová, Markéta (referee) ; Hjelde, Arnstein (referee)
The thesis presents the development and changes of the Norwegian written standard in the United States during the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The research is based on the material from the newspapers published by the Norwegian immigrant community in the United States. For the purpose of the analyses, three leading Norwegian written newspapers (Decorah-Posten, Skandinaven, Minneapolis Tidende; commonly known as The Big Three) were selected. The development of Norwegian is documented from the perspective of language management and its theory. The first part of the analyses deals with the influence of English as the dominant language of the area on the written Norwegian. Morphological and orthographic integration of English loanwords as well as the most affected fields of the immigrants' lexicon are discussed in this part. The second view monitors the impact of the spelling reform codified in 1907 in Norway on the written standard of the immigrants in the United States and its extent. Features such as voiced/voiceless occlusives, plural and preterite forms, use of double consonants and font are studied in the newspaper material. The individual research points give a general view on the topic of the written Norwegian as used by the immigrants in their press....
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Swedish vowels from a Czech speaker's perspective
Janíčková, Anna ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Skarnitzl, Radek (referee)
This graduation thesis deals with Swedish vowels from the perspective of the Czech language. The main aim is to describe the Swedish vowel system with regards to speakers of Swedish whose native language is Czech. Introduction to the segmental systems of both languages, as well as comparison of the acoustic and articulatory vowel characteristics, build a theoretical background for the empirical section, which consists of our own research. It verifies hypotheses based on differences between the Czech and the Swedish vowel systems, and analysis of variance compares frequency data of the Swedish vowels spoken by native Czechs to those spoken by native Swedes. The results create a basis for general recommendations concerning vowel pronunciation in Swedish as a second language.
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Categories language and its future implementation is an interesting view of the Danish
Haušildová, Kateřina ; Humpál, Martin (advisor) ; Gammelgaard, Karen (referee) ; Štajnerová, Petra (referee)
The aim of this dissertation is to give an overall picture of the category future and its language realization in the Scandinavian languages. In the first part of the thesis, the category is described from a philosophical point ofview. With support in one oftwo most int1uential theories on metaphysics oftime, the dynamic A-theory, I suggest an intuitively plausible and linguistically relevant modelof time which as opposite to the traditional time line is able to account for the striking temporal asymmetry known from several European and non-European languages. The usual time line has been replaced by branching future with branches representing potential future courses of events, of which some are more probable than others. On the basis of this model, future constructions in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish which are the language s ofthe so called 'futureless area' (Dahl 2000) are described. In the second part of the study, the inventory of the future markers in the three language s is discussed systematically according to their grammaticalization source dornains (modality, motion verbs and aspect). I describe the three central types of future markers in the Scandinavian languages, i.e. modal verb constructions (vil and skal in Danish, ska in Swedish), the de-venitive construction with kommer til at (Danish),...
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Syntactical and Lexical Negation in Norwegian and German
Zahradníčková, Ivana ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Svevad, Thor (referee)
Tato diplomová práce je v nována tématu v tných a lexikálních zápor v n meckém a norském jazyce. V teoretické části práce je popsán zp sob tvo ení a používání zápor v obou jazycích. V jednotlivých kapitolách o lexikálních záporech (záporných afixech) jsou popsány jejich významy a možnosti použití. V praktické části diplomové práce byla provedena analýza toho, jaké zápory se používají nejčast ji a jak se p ekládají z n mčiny do norštiny a naopak. Za tímto účelem byl vytvo en textový korpus vycházející z n kolika beletristických knih v norském a n meckém jazyce a jejich p eklad , který se nachází v p íloze. Klíčová slova: v tný a lexikální zápor, n mecké a norské negativní prefixy a sufixy, domácí a cizí prefixy Abstract The thesis is devoted to the subject of syntactical and lexical negation in German and Norwegian language. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the way of creation and application of the negations in both languages is described. In the following chapters, meanings of lexical negations (negative affixes) and possibilities of their application are depicted. In the practical part of the thesis an analysis was conducted, covering the ways of negations which are used most frequently and also the ways they are translated from German to Norwegian and vice versa. For this reason, a text...
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Anglicisms in Danish and Czech language. A Comparative study.
Šimsová, Anna ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Dubec, Pavel (referee)
The topic of this thesis is a comparison of attitude to English loanwords in Czech and Danish. The process of adopting anglicisms into both languages is viewed from several different angles in effort to provide a complex picture of the researched issue. The first part is devoted to the description of the diachronic development of Czech and Danish, especially to the influence of foreign languages on their vocabulary. In this part there is also defined used terminology and the theoretical framework is described, i.e. ways of enriching vocabulary and characterization of borrowings from foreign languages. The second part is devoted to the sociolinguistic view, i.e. the language policy of both countries, the approach of language institutions. In this section there are also described some central topics that are typical for the current linguistic situation in the Czech Republic and Denmark. The third part describes the formal adaptation of anglicisms in Czech and Danish from the morphological, orthographic, phonetic and syntactic point of view. The last chapter is devoted to the evaluation of the survey, which represents the practical part of this thesis. The theoretical part was processed using the method of literary review and the practical part using the questioning method. Since the thesis deals with...
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