|
|
Electrochemistry of Polynitrocalix-[4]-arenes
Liška, Alan ; Ludvík, Jiří
Calix[4]arene is a suitable inert and stable frame for building "smart" molecules and supramolecular assemblies. Polynitrocalix[4]arenes where reducible nitro groups are located at the upper rim are promising precursors for aimed development of sensors. In this work a series of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra nitroderivatives was reduced, the sequence of individual steps was described and the mechanism discussed. It was found that in this molecule with several redox centers all nitro groups are electronically isolated and thus are reduced independently yielding poly-radical ions. Two different couples of equivalent nitro groups were proved in tetranitro derivatives. The experimental results were confirmed by quantum chemical calculations.
|
|
|
New Characterisation Approaches for Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrodes (CILES)
Mikysek, T. ; Stočes, M. ; Švancara, I. ; Vytřas, K. ; Ludvík, Jiří
Within this study, some new approaches to characterize the carbon paste mixtures and the respective carbon ionic liquid electrodes (CILEs) are presented and their properties discussed. Particular attention has been paid to the changes of the resistivity, relative to the dependence on composition of the CILE. Three types of carbon ionic liquid pastes were examined, and for the interpretation of experimental data, the results were compared with those of "classic" carbon paste electrode (CPE) based on graphite powder. Some problems connected with homogeneity and stability of carbon pastes are also discussed.
|
|
|
Electrochemical Reduction of 1,3-Alt-tetranitrothiacalix[4]arenes
Liška, Alan ; Ludvík, Jiří
Calixarenes are organic molecules which contain several aromatic units (in this work four) connected by methylene („calixarenes“) or sulfur („thiacalixarenes“) bridges. Calix[4]arenes can exist in four defined conformations: cone-, partial cone-, 1,2- and 1,3-alternating (Fig. 1). The conformational stability of a (thia)calix[4]arene is controlled by the size of the substituents on the upper or the lower rim, or by other interactions (e.g. hydrogen bonds). These compounds are very attractive for supramolecular chemists, since they have the shape of a cavity, being able to exhibit host-guest interaction according to the substitution 1,2. The calixarene skeleton itself is not reducible. Therefore it´s necessary to introduce a suitable redox probe in the calixarene frame in order to use electrochemical methods for investigations of calixarene properties. For the purpose of this study the nitro group was chosen because its electrochemical reduction proceeds easily in a well-defined way.
|
|
|
Elektrochemická studie triazaborinových chromoforů
Mikysek, T. ; Josefík, F. ; Ludvík, Jiří
Nové organické sloučeniny jsou, v současné dob , v popředí zájmu materiálových chemik , kteří se snaží najít vhodné materiály pro moderní technologie 1. Žádané jsou především „charge-transfer“ chromofory vykazující fluorescenci v pevném stavu, dobrou propustnost sv tla, rozpustnost, tepelnou stabilitu nebo jsou biologicky aktivní 2,3.
|
|
|
Finnacování VŠ se zaměřením na kvalitativní kriteria
Ludvík, Jiří ; Urbánek, Václav (vedoucí práce) ; Kubík, Rudolf (oponent)
Bakalářská práce jako celek pojednává o financování veřejných vysokých škol v České republice. Bakalářská práce se nejprve věnuje obecně školství v České republice a charakterizuje samotný termín vysokoškolské vzdělání. Postupně se pak dostává až k problému financování veřejných vysokých škol a podrobně popisuje tento proces v České republice. Jako hlavní problém poté bakalářská práce analyzuje kvalitativní kritéria ve financování veřejných vysokých škol a nakonec zjišťuje dopad těchto dílčích ukazatelů na rozpočet Vysoké školy ekonomické v Praze.
|
|
|
FOX-7 - Study of Reduction Products of Spectroelectrochemical Methods
Šimková, Ludmila ; Dmitrieva, E. ; Klíma, Jiří ; Dunsch, L. ; Ludvík, Jiří
A new energetic material 2,2-dinitroethene-1,1-diamine (FOX-7) is recently broadly tested because of its high performance and very low sensitivity. On the other hand, its electrochemical and redox properties have not been studied yet. Our results show that FOX-7 is reduced in aprotic solvents only by two one-electron steps up to -2.9 V. The color changes during reduction of FOX-7 and reversibility of the redox process indicate the presence of radical intermediates. Therefore in situ UV-vis-NIR and ESR spectroelectrochemical investigations were performed. The products after exhaustive electrolyses were separated by HPLC and are identified by mass spectrometry. The possible formation of gaseous products was followed online EC-GC.
|
|
|
Electrochemical and spectrometric study of FOX-7 in aprotic solvents
Šimková, Ludmila ; Ludvík, Jiří ; Klíma, Jiří
2,2-Dinitroethene-1,1-diamine (FOX-7) is a recently developed and broadly tested energetic material with high efficiency and low sensitivity. Generally, explosion is based on thermally initiated chain of intramolecular redox reactions. Recently it has been found that electrochemical reduction in aqueous solutions is also able to provoke the chain of follow-up processes leading to total decomposition of the parent substance yielding gaseous products analogously like during explosion. Similarly, results from reductive electrolysis of FOX-7 in aprotic solvents show analogous course of degradation. The first transferred electron activates the molecule and initiated the formation of colored radical intermediates that have been spectroscopically characterized
|
|
| |
|
|
Strange Redox Behavior of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene
Šimková, Ludmila ; Ludvík, Jiří ; Klíma, Jiří
The expected product of polarographic reduction of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) in aqueous buffered solutions is ethan-1,2-diamine. But exhaustive electrolysis did not show this product. The main products are gases. Due to combination of electrochemistry and GC and with MS analysis were found following gaseous products: N-2, NO, N2O, H2O. However, no carbon containing gaseous product was found. A part of products remains probably in the water solution as inorganic ions. The degradation process accompanying the exhaustive electrolysis seems to be analogous to the reactions during explosion, but under very low concentration, cooled and slowed down by the solvent.
|
|
|
Elektrochemie halogenovaných benzonitrilů
Sokolová, Romana ; Pospíšil, Lubomír ; Hromadová, Magdaléna ; Ludvík, Jiří
V zemědělství je běžně používáno několik stovek pesticidů. Zjištění způsobu degradace pesticidů a charakterizace jejich degradačních produktů je významný celosvětový problém. Při biologické aktivitě některých pesticidů hrají podstatnou úlohu reakce přenosu elektronu. Ioxynil (3,5-diido-4-hydroxy-benzonitril), bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hyodoxy-benzonitril) a chloroxynil (3,5-dichloro-4-hrydoxy-benzonitril) jsou široce používané herbicidy, které patří do skupiny herbicidů, jejichž účinek spočívá v inhibici elektronového přenosu ve Fotosystému II zelených rostlin. Pomocí GC-MS identifikace produktů po úplné elektrolýze při konstantním potenciálu a analýzou cyklických coltamogramů bez a za přítomnosti halogenidů v roztoku bylo prokázáno, že při redukci těchto látek dochází k rozštěpení vazby C-halogen.
|
host ::
RSS.