|
|
Effect of vitamin D on ABCB1 and CYP3A4 expression in human precision-cut intestinal slices
Mazurová, Tereza ; Vokřál, Ivan (advisor) ; Matoušková, Petra (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Tereza Mazurová Supervisor: PharmDr. Ivan Vokřál, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Effect of vitamin D on the expression of ABCB1 and CYP3A4 in human intestinal slices When drugs are administered orally, their absorption is significantly affected by the intestinal barrier. This barrier expresses a variety of efflux and uptake transporters, as well as first and second-phase biotransformation enzymes. The most important efflux transporter in the intestinal barrier is P-glycoprotein, which has a broad substrate specificity. Among the first-phase biotransformation enzymes, cytochrome P450 3A4 is the most important. Their function is to protect the human body from the toxic effects of xenobiotics, including drugs. Many clinically important drugs act as substrates, inhibitors or inducers in relation to these proteins, which may result in an increased risk of drug interactions. A plethora of dietary supplements or medicines containing vitamin D can be found in the pharmacy. It is used for the proper development of bones and teeth, for the proper function of the immune system or for the treatment of osteomalacia, rickets or osteoporosis. Limited information is available on its effects on P-gp and...
|
|
|
Levels of vitamin D in relation to respiratory diseases up to 19 years of age
KRAUS, Petr
Introduction: The positive effects of vitamin D on the human body are frequently discussed and investigated by numerous studies, both foreign and domestic, and its serum levels are closely monitored in relation to diseases. Vitamin D has positive effects on the immune system, influences intestinal calcium transport, is important for proper mental and physical development and growth of children, even during pregnancy, and helps prevent lung diseases. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between blood vitamin D levels and respiratory diseases in children. Methodology: Serum vitamin D levels and their relationship to respiratory diseases were also monitored in relation to gender and season (summer and winter). Sample: Blood samples were collected from 127 respondents aged 2 months to 18 years, including both healthy and sick individuals, for vitamin D levels. Data collection and processing for healthy children were approved by their parents (Appendix 1). Blood samples were collected over a period of two years at a healthcare facility in the South Bohemian region. The results were evaluated in two borderline groups, at 50 and 75 nmol/L. Furthermore, the vitamin D content of 10 diets of these children was processed and evaluated. The resulting values of vitamin D levels also included studied diets. Results: The results did not confirm the expected relationship between vitamin D levels and respiratory tract diseases in children in either borderline group at 50 and 75 nmol/L. However, partial effects on the respiratory tract were confirmed. Discussion: The author attempts to explain why the hypothesis was not clearly confirmed.
|
|
|
Význam konzumace rybího masa v prevalenci skrytého hladu u dětí: komparace vybraných zemí Latinské Ameriky a Afriky
Rajchmanová, Jana
This thesis is primarily focused on the impact of fish meat supply on the prevalence of hidden hunger in children under 5 years of age in selected countries from Africa and Latin America. The aim of the thesis was to test the hypothesis that there is an inverse realtionship between fish meat supply and the prevalence of indicators representing the prevalence of hidden hunger. As the prevalence of hidden hunger is influenced by many factors, the analytical part of the thesis also included an analysis of the effect of total calorie intake and protein intake. Correlations were performed for each selected country from Africa and Latin America separately, and then also as an average of selected countries from both regions. Trends in dietary intake of each micronutrient in the selected countries were also monitored. An inverse realtionship was found between fish meat supply and the prevalence of hidden hunger, as well as between total energy intake and the prevalence of hidden hunger, and between protein supply and the prevalence of hidden hunger. For selected countries in the African region, total calorie supply had the greatest effect on the prevalence of hidden hunger, followed by protein supply and finally fish meat supply. For the selected countries from the Latin American region, protein supply, followed by total calorie supply, and finally fish meat supply had the greatest impact on the reduction of hidden hunger.
|
|
|
Intake of the D vitamin at children in older school age
SALZEROVÁ, Eliška
Recent scientific research speaks of the vast importance of Vitamin D concerning our health. It is widely known that vitamin D affects the metabolism of calcium. Moreover, new evidence recently came to light about its positive effects on areas outside the immune system. It also impacts a child's proper growth and development, nervous system functioning, and creation and growth of neurons. Up to 60 % of European children suffer from Vitamin D deficiency. The reason for that can be insufficient intake of vitamin D-rich foods and inadequate time spent outside in the sunshine. I chose four goals for my bachelor's thesis. The first goal is to ascertain the amount of vitamin D that lower secondary school children intake orally. The second is to ascertain the significance of oral vitamin D supplements for lower secondary school children. The third goal is to ascertain the number of products with vitamin D content than lower secondary school children have in their diet. The last goal is to determine what part of dietary reference intake of vitamin D lower secondary school children take in from food. The method I chose to reach those goals was quantitative-qualitative. The sample consisted of 20 lower secondary school children from Písek and surrounding areas. For research methods, I decided on questionnaires and a weekly menu. Questionnaires allowed me to determine the number of products with vitamin D content that each subject consumed and information about potential supplements. The foods listed in the menus were input into the Nutriservis software, which calculated the vitamin D content in microgramms per day and week. Subsequently, I used the weekly vitamin D intake to calculate the percentage of its weekly oral dietary reference intake that the subjects take in. If the subject used supplements, I added that to the overall amount and again calculated the actual vitamin D taken in as a weekly oral dietary reference intake percentage. The questionnaire uncovered concerning products with vitamin D content, lower secondary school children prefer milk, or dairy products, and eggs. Another frequently consumed products were vegetable oils. Fish appeared in the diet once or twice per week. Almost half of the subjects did not eat liver at all. The results of the weekly menu made it clear that supplements are crucial to fulfilling the weekly oral dietary reference intake as, without them, none of the subjects would fulfil the weekly DRI Subjects that did use supplements were successful in 75 % of cases. Weekly oral dietary reference intake was fulfilled by six out of eight subjects using supplements. These results indicate that it is necessary to increase awareness of both children and parents about vitamin D intake.
|
|
|
Intake of the D vitamin at children at younger school age
PAVLÍČKOVÁ, Adéla
Vitamin D is an integral part of our diet. It is vital for a proper growth and development of a child. It affects development of bones, nervous system activity, neuron creation, and immune system. Currently, around 60% of European children suffer from its deficiency. Insufficient intake of vitamin D from animal sources can be the cause of the deficiency for this group. Up to 90% of vitamin D intake is caused by the sun. Thus, the cause of the deficit can also be the lowered time spent outside. I chose four goals for my bachelor's thesis. The first goal was to ascertain the amount of vitamin D that primary school children intake orally. The second goal I chose was to ascertain the significance of oral vitamin D supplements for primary school children. The third goal was to ascertain the number of products with vitamin D content that primary school children have in their diet. The last goal was to determine what part of dietary reference intake of vitamin D primary school children take in from food. The practical part dealt with the interpretation of the research results. The sample consisted of 20 subjects aged 6 to 12 years old, and the data were gathered in Písek and surrounding areas. The research method I chose was quantitative-qualitative. The data were gathered by questionnaires and menus. The questionnaires helped determine the number of products with vitamin D content that each subject consumed in a week. It also contained a question whether they supplement vitamin D. The menu helped determine the amount of vitamin D taken in from foods in a week. The collected data from menus were subsequently inputted into the Nutriservis software, which calculated the amounts of vitamin D in micrograms from the given foods. From these results, I calculated the overall weekly vitamin D intake and what percentage it made from the weekly oral dietary reference intake of vitamin D. If the subject used supplements, I added it to the calculation of weekly intake and determined the percentage of weekly oral dietary reference intake. The questionnaires indicate that among the most favourite products with vitamin D content are milk and dairy products. Less frequent but also significant are egg yolks and vegetable oils. Liver, however, was reportedly consumed by only three subjects out of 20 on a weekly basis. Based on the results, a conclusion can be drawn - vitamin D supplements play a significant role in the given age group. This claim is supported by the research results, which indicated that none of the subjects would have fulfilled the weekly oral dietary reference intake without vitamin D supplements. Currently supplementing were 8 out of 20 subjects. Seven out of the eight supplementing managed to fulfil the weekly oral dietary reference intake. These results indicate that it is necessary to increase awareness of both children and parents about vitamin D intake.
|
|
|
Prospective study of adults diet and their vitamin D blood level
HAVLOVÁ, Adéla
Vitamin D is a widely discussed topic in domestic and foreign literature. Vitamin D serves many functions in human body, for example in affects calcium metabolism. Vitamin D is produced photochemically during sun exposure and partly it is consumed with food intake. This thesis is concerned with the problematic of dietary intake of vitamin D. The goal of my research was to analyze a relationship between a specific amount of vitamin D intake with food and vitamin D level in blood in a person. In this research quantitative methodology - prospective method was used. The participants of my research wrote down every meal they ate every day for nine months. They specified amount and kind of consumed food intake. Participants blood was analyzed for levels of calcidiol, alkaline phosphatase, calcaemia and phosphataemia. The blood was taken twice during the research. The number of participants involved six women and three men. The research started on 1 March 2021 and lasted until 30 November 2021. The participants from the research had no record of gastrointestinal diseases, this could affect vitamin D absorption from dietary intake and that could lead to biased results. This research was led as a blinded experiment to prevent experimental bias. It was important that the participants did not consume higher or lower amounts of vitamin D on purpose. Each participant followed regular assorted diet and did not restrict oneself in food intake. The results showed that participants of this study consumed more vitamin D in their diet on weekends rather that in a regular day. It was further discovered that in spring vitamin D blood level correlated with the amount of consumed vitamin D in diet. Median value of vitamin D intake in diet for one participant was 2,268 g per day, average value was 3,55 g per day. Based on the evaluated participants lists of meals was discovered that the amount of consumed vitamin D in diet made 17,75 % of its guideline daily amounts.
|
|
|
Vitamin D blood level and its relationship to recurrent childhood diseases
HAVLOVÁ, Adéla
"Vitamin D blood level, factors that affect it, and its relationship to reccurent infections" is topic repeatedly discussed in domestic and foreign literature. This topic is a multidisciplinary issue, but it mainly relates to nutrition and sun exposure. The aim of this study is to map relationship of vitamin blood levels in relation to diseases of the respiratory system, vitamin D suplementation, recurrent infections, usage of sunscreen with a protective factor, nutrition and outdoor stay in winter months. The study was conducted on a research sample of preschool children. Two sets of data were used to evaluate objectives and research questions. The first research group consisted of 48 children and had 2 groups. The first group of 21 children was established in the Waldorf kindergarten in Rudolfov and the second group of 17 children was created in a non-state medical facility in Trebon. The first research consisted of 48 children who were tested on vitamin D blood level and filled survey questionnaire. The second research consisted of 61 children who were tested on vitamin D blood level in a non-state medical facility. Some results of this study are contradictory because of inadequate methodology. Positive results have been shown with vitamin D supplementation, higher consumption of liver, eggs and daily intake of vegetable oils.
|
|
|
The monitoring of vitamin D content in the diet of university students
KALETOVÁ, Nikol
The aim of the diploma thesis was to evaluate the level of vitamin D saturation in a selected group of university students at the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. The recorded diet method was used for the research. The research group included six men and six women aged 19-26. The research ran from the 10th February to 14th June 2020. Respondents recorded a week-long diet every second week in February, April and June. This captured possible seasonal fluctuations in the diet. Respondents recorded the amount and type of food and meals consumed. In the monitored group of respondents, vitamin D values averaged around 4.86 g per person per day. The values obtained do not correspond to the recommended daily intake of vitamin D, which according to DACH (2018) should be 20 ?g per person per day for men and women of this age category. In the group of women, the average intake of vitamin D was 3.88 g / day and in men the intake was higher, namely 5.85 g / day. The obtained levels agree with the results of other authors. Alimentary intake of vitamin D is usually in the range of 2-4 g / day, which is confirmed by the results of the diploma thesis. The lowest average daily intake was found in women to be 2.81 ?g / day and the maximum value in men on average 11.26 g / day. This value is at the level of 50% of the recommended daily intake. The main statistical finding was to demonstrate a difference in vitamin D intake between the gender. Men took more vitamin D than women. Furthermore, a positive relationship between protein and vitamin D intake was demonstrated. Last but not least, the effect of gender on protein intake was statistically significantly demonstrated. Men received more protein than women. The question dealing with the effect of the season on the intake of vitamin D from the diet has not been significantly statistically proven. In the second part, the energy intake and main nutrients were also determined, which according to the final evaluation were very unbalanced.
|
|
|
Functional fitness and Vit. D levels in patients with hepatopathy
Brtková, Helena ; Novák, František (advisor) ; Meisnerová, Eva (referee)
Introduction: patients with hepatopathy are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels affect, among other things, metabolism and physiological functions of muscle tissue and thus functional fitness. The aim of this study is to assess muscle mass and strength in relation to vitamin D levels and other factors that affect functional physical fitness in patients with cirrhosis, compared to a control group of patients without hepatopathy and other chronic comorbidities. Methods: 11 patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in an observational cohort study compared with 11 controls without chronic comorbidities. Anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements were performed, functional tests, the 6MWT 6-minute walk test, hand grip strength assessment and calorimetry examination were also evaluated, and laboratory parameters were assessed. Study participants completed the CLDQ test, which assessed the quality of life of people with liver disease. Respondents answered questions regarding lifestyle, eating habits, physical activity and functional physical fitness. For patients with cirrhosis, the Child Pugh score and MELD score were used to assess the progression of cirrhosis. Results. At the time of the study, the vast majority of patients had a compensated form of liver cirrhosis, Child Pugh A...
|
|
|
The toxicity of vitamin D
Drouliskou, Eleftheria ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Janoušek, Jiří (referee)
Vitamin D has essential role in skeletal health, however studies over the recent years have outlined its implication in many other physiological functions. The importance of vitamin D for health has, on one hand, raised needs for supplementation but may, on the other hand, lead to excessive administration. Vitamin D toxicity or hypervitaminosis D due to excess of vitamin D is a medical condition manifested mainly as hypercalcemia, with mostly gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Long-term administration of large doses of vitamin D can result in vascular calcification and hence by associated with a cardiovascular risk. Hypervitaminosis D is extremely rare likely due to high therapeutic index of vitamin D. The clinical research shows an administration of 10.000 IU/day of vitamin D, which meets the criteria for the tolerable upper intake level, even for extended period, is probably not associated with adverse effects in almost all individuals in general population. However there are case studies globally showing vitamin D toxicity can occur due to misuse of over-the-counter vitamin D supplements, inappropriate prescribing or uncontrolled administration of high dose unlicensed preparations.
|
guest ::
