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Importance and specifities of education of adult people with mild mental disorder
VÁVROVÁ, Daniela
In the first chapter, the term ?adult? is defined. In the context of education, this term means a human who has ended their school education. In the same conception is comprehended person with mental disorder. Education in adults is important because of the speed of developing society, which is too demanding on people. People without further education are worse oriented in the world and often fall to feelings of inferiority and uselessness. The same situation is present in people with mental disorders. People with mental disorders are limited by deficiencies in intellectual abilities. Intellectual abilities are one of the diagnoses of mental disorders. To make education of adults successful, it is necessary to observe some principles and use methods which are suitable for the target group. Because of deficiencies in intellectual ability, many methods which are used by health practitioners aren´t suitable for people with mental disorders. Unsuitable methods are lectures and seminars, because of the verbal difficulty people with mental disorders often experience. People with mental disorders have problems understanding explanations and often encounter issues concerning attention span. The process of education includes more mental operations in which a person with mental disorder can have problems. For reproducing memory perceptions, it is necessary to have a good memory, but people with mental disorders often have problems with their memory. They quickly forget learned knowledge and because of this, it is necessary for their whole life to involve repetition. Another important element of education is motivation, which increases success of education. People with mental disorders can have problems with willpower, when a stimulus isn?t attractive enough, they quickly lose interest. People with mental disorders can have problems in social relationships. Health professionals think that people with mental disorders are antisocial and don´t create any social relationships, but this is not true. People with mental disorders have the same needs as a person without a mental disorder. People with mental disorders desire understanding and respect from the majority of the population. These people want to be fully-fledged members of society. Unfortunately people with mental disorders are limited by their deficiencies. These people let themselves be influences; they can be reliant on other people?s decisions. Despite these problems, there are many people with mental disorders who have families and who aren?t addicted to other people. A complex system of education for adults with mental disorders hasn?t yet been created and is still an object of discussions. There are several possibilities of how to educate these people as adults. The choice of method depends on possibilities and dispositions of the person and how they choose to improve their education. One positive fact is that people with mental disorders are interested in education as adults. This interest should be one of the reasons why complex systems of education are created. The system of education adults with mild mental disorder is suggested in the last chapter. The system is designed with 4 forms of education and a person with a mental disorder can chose which form is most suitable for them. The first form is courses to attainment qualification which refill and restore primary education. The second form is courses which support qualification. These courses increase chances of people with mental disorder to get work place. People with mental disorders can have problems with orientation in the surrounding world and that is reason why civil education exists, it provides necessary information. The last form is hobby education which offers people with mental disorders effective ways to spend their free time. ?
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Typological approach based on reaction time to letters and words in initial reading instruction
Harazinová, Radka ; Horák, Josef (advisor) ; Nikl, Jiří (referee) ; Wildová, Radka (referee)
The work maps the current tendencies, trends and researches in teaching of reading. It is perceived as skill, which is integral part of a broad complex of initial literacy. The aim of the work is to demonstrate type segmentation of pupils. Their basic orientations of reading learning can be distinguished by individualized approach and subsequently they are allowed to use their own abilities and small differences to their personal advantage. Type distinguishing is performed through measurement of response times to letters and words. A software program, the verification of which is also a part of the work, has been created for this purpose. The method of natural experiment was chosen for assessment of efficiency of typological approach. Key words: initial reading - literacy - primary literacy - primary education - preprimary education - school maturity, readiness - development learning disorders - methods of teaching of reading.
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The influence of pH on iron chelation
Hrabalíková, Jitka ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Hrdina, Radomír (referee)
v angličtině Iron is one of essential elements which are necessary for life of cells. Many important processes are connected with it and its insufficiency can lead to cell death. Iron excess can be dangerous, too; such situation can be triggered not only by acute intoxication, but it appears also chronically due to genetic abnormalities (hereditary hemochromatosis) or by frequent blood transfusions during treatment of thalassaemia, sideroblastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Iron chelators are used to cure these pathological states, but there have been currently analysed for the treatment of tumors or acute myocardial infarction as well. In pathogenesis of both of these disorders, iron and change of pH play significant roles. In this study, influence of pH on iron chelation abilities of various substances (deferoxamine, synthetic chelator SIH, flavonoids and synthetic coumarin 7,8-dihydroxy-4- methylcoumarin) was measured with the use of ferrozine as an indicator. The stability of complex chelator - iron in various pH was also tested. It was found that chelation activity of all tested substances and the stability of iron- chelator complex is increased with increasing pH. Strong chelators SIH and deferoxamine kept their effectiveness within pH from 7.5 to 5.5, whereas chelating activity of...
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Bone Augmentation Materials Evaluation of Implant Osteointegration
Moztarzadeh, Omid ; Hrušák, Daniel (advisor) ; Vaněk, Jiří (referee) ; Pazdera, Jindřich (referee)
Bone Augmentation Materials Evaluation of Implant Osteointegration This dissertation thesis contains a description and results of six constituent studies. The first study was performed in order to investigate the most common indications for the use of three bone augmentation materials, Biogen, Cerasorb and Bioresorb. The most common indications identified were based on statistical data collected from patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, during 2003-2007. The second experiment was performed in vivo. We evaluated the possible osteoinduction potential and osteogenic activities of two different bone augmentation materials (Cerasorb, Biogen) by examining whether ectopic bone formation could be induced when implanted subcutaneously into the extremities of our test subjects (pigs). The results obtained, highlight the potential future use, of augmentation materials in creation of hard tissues, in areas where soft tissues are normally present. The third experiment was performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of Cerasorb bone augmentation material in bone healing. Cerasorb was applied into an artificial hole in the extremities of the test subjects and based on careful analysis of the radiographic and histological images, we found that Cerasorb gradually resorbed...
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Executive functions in individuals with autism and possible intervention
Viktorinová, Michaela ; Loneková, Katarína (referee) ; Šípek, Jiří (advisor)
There have been many psychological theories which tried to unravel the functioning of individuals with autism. This paper perceives autism as an executive function disorder. It focuses mainly on one single component - verbal and nonverbal fluency. The theoretical part of the paper analyzes some of the well-known executive function models. Since at the end the thesis draws conclusions for possible intervention in autism, the knowledge of these models seems to be essential. The methodological aspects of executive function research are tackled as well. The dispute between the supporters of executive dysfunction hypothesis and advocates of its rival theory - Theory of Mind, is still ongoing. Their main arguments are therefore briefly discussed. However, the essence of the theoretical part lies in the executive function profile and the analysis of the main executive components. Conclusions of the theoretical part then lead us to the formulation of empirical hypotheses. In the empirical part 13 individuals with Asperger syndrome and 13 healthy controls were tested. The verbal and nonverbal abilities in both groups were taken into account. Three studies were executed. First of them dealt with the "purity" of fluency tasks and revealed significant influence of intelligence over individuals performance. In the...
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Possibilities of social rehabilition in comprehensive care for a client with disorder of psychosis
Smolíková, Jana ; Vodáčková, Daniela (advisor) ; Kinkor, Milan (referee)
Vydáme-li se za poznáním historie léčby psychických poruch, povedou naše kroky až místech modlitbami, zaříkáváním a vyháněním zlého ducha z těla nemocného. Jak se dozvíme při četbě učebnice psychiatrie a psychoterapie Bláznit je lidské (Domer et al., 1999), první systém nemocí duše předložil již antický lékař Hippokrates, který považoval duševní nemoci za projev tělesné poruchy. Od něj také pochází dodnes používané určení čtyř základních povahových typů - sangvinik, cholerik, flegmatik, melancholik. Další antický myslitel, Platón, je tvůrcem pojmu "psychoterapie". íl V raném středověku převzala poznatky antického lékařství arabská kultura. Lékař Avicenna popsal příznivý vliv malarické horečky na epileptický záchvat u nemocného s poruchami hybnosti a úpadkem rozumových schopností. V Evropě naproti tomu lidé opět začali věřit, že duševní nemoci mají nadpřirozený původ. Docházelo proto k vymítání zlého ducha u nemocných a při léčbě se využívaly modlitby a zaříkávadla. K přiznání o posedlosti sloužila jako příručka kniha Kladivo na čarodějnice. Poslední inkviziční rozsudek smrti na našem území pochází z roku 1682. íí Renesance zpočátku osvobodila projevy šílenství - díky lodi bláznů, aby později na stal úsvit moderní institucionální péče o duševně choré v zařízeních nemocničního typu. Duševní choroby začaly být...
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Molekulové simulace nukleace ledu
Pluhařová, Eva ; Kolafa, Jiří (referee) ; Jungwirth, Pavel (advisor)
Title: Molecular simulations of ice nucleation Author: Eva Pluhařová Department: Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Faculty of Science UK Advisor: doc. Mgr. Pavel Jungwirth, DSc., IOCB AS CR, v.v.i. Advisor's e-mail address: pavel.jungwirth@uochb.cas.cz Abstract: By means of molecular dynamics simulations we have systematically investigated homogeneous ice nucleation in neat and surface contaminated water. As models of the adsorbates we have assumed pentanol and pentanoic acid. In neat water nucleation preferentially starts in the subsurface region, which accommodates better than the bulk the volume increase associated with freezing. Homogeneous ice nucleation is affected more by alcohol than by acid. Water slabs covered by a disordered layer of pentanol exhibit negligible preference for subsurface nucleation and longer nucleation times in comparison with neat water, while nucleation times are almost unaffected by the presence of pentanoic acid and the subsurface preference is only slightly decreased. We tried to rationalize the differences between the effects of different compounds by their ability to orient water molecules and to change their mobility. The fact that adsorbates differ in the influence on homogeneous ice nucleation has important implications for the microphysics of...
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Mental and psychosomatic disorders among citizens of Yemen with focus on factors of work-stress (Al-Mukalla city)
Al-Attass, Hadoon ; Srnec, Jan (advisor) ; Hermochová, Soňa (referee) ; Mikšík, Oldřich (referee)
Světová zdravotnická organizace (World Health Organization WHO) definuje zdraví jako stav, kdy je člověku naprosto dobře, a to jak fyzicky tak psychicky sociálně. Není to jen nepřítomnost nemoci a neduživosti (Křivohlavý 2001, 37). Myslím si, že vrcholem zdraví pro občany rozvojových zemí je nepřítomnost somatických nemocí. U psychických poruch je situace ještě horší. V celém světě trápí asi 450,000,000 lidí psychické a behaviorální poruchy. Čtvrtinu lidstva bude trápit jedna či více poruch někdy v průběhu jejího života. Polovina příčin, které způsobí invaliditu (neschopnost) a předčasnou smrt, je psychických. Psychické poruchy neznamenají jen psychologickou, sociální a ekonomickou zátěž. Současně zvyšují i možnost vzniku somatických nemocí (WHO 2005). Jestliže je rozsah problému duševního zdraví v celém světě takovýto, jaký může být podíl třetího světa, kde ještě navíc hraje velkou negativní roli zdravotní neuvědomělost? Jedním ze států třetího světa je Jemenská republika JR, ve které je úroveň zdravotní péče nízká a úroveň duševního zdraví je ještě nižší. Vývoj osobnosti a aktuální psychický stav jsou ovlivňovány dvěma stránkami: vrozenou výbavou a kontextem, ve kterém žije člověk, který je jako vývojově nejvyšší živá bytost nejzranitelnější. Následek překonání obranných schopností psychiky se objeví...
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Incidence of a brain structural abnormities (CT, NMR) in patients with affective disorder
Fürst, Daniel ; Kopeček, Miloslav (advisor)
Currently we are experiencing a boom imaging methods. We are constantly improving their accessibility, their distinctive abilities and the possibility of using both in research and in clinical practice. They penetrate well into psychiatry, where he tries as well as in other fields to shed light etiology of diseases contribute to their diagnosis and treatment. The cost of are large, the cost of execution of each test is different, can Thus burden on public budgets in different ways, so it is necessary to were determined and the proper indications. What is the significance of these methods in determine the incidence of brain structural abnormalities in patients with affective disorder and the implications of the findings for these abnormalities alone patients, the aim of the present study.
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