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Study of sorption of pharmaceuticals and compounds from personal care products to microplastics underfield conditions
Titov, Ivan ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
With the development of civilization and the chemical industry, a whole range of new anthropogenic substances is being introduced into the environment. Some of these substances are produced primarily - targeted for a specific purpose (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) and others are created as a by-product of chemical synthesis or they are degradation products of primary substances. Whether they are low-molecular substances or macromolecules, in addition to their positive effect on mankind, these substances can also retroactively threaten the environment, including humans. The present work deals with interactions between two groups of xenobiotics, which appear to be a huge global problem. As part of this work, the sorption of a wide group of substances belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on man-made microplastics from three types of polymers (PVC, HDPE, and PET) in real wastewater was studied. Two different locations were chosen for this experiment - effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Several sampling devices containing different types of microplastics were installed at these sites, including artificially aged alternatives that better reflect the behavior of microplastics found in real conditions. The results of these experiments showed the ability of...
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Pharmaceuticals issues in groundwaters
Šrot, Martin ; Hrkal, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Datel, Josef (referee)
Main objective of the diploma thesis was to observe the concentrations of selected types of drugs in the environment around the area of the village Horní Beřkovice. This goal was achieved by monitoring of the drugs concentration in surface and ground waters at Horní Beřkovice site. Monitoring system allowed to detect the passage of pollution from the source of the contamination, through sewage treatment plant, the unsaturated zone and aquifer to a potential user of contaminated groundwater. The diploma thesis is based on the field data from TACR project. I have analyzed data from the six samplings at the area of the village Horní Beřkovice with regard to the observed drugs or their residues in surface and ground waters. I have compared the results with data from the sewage treatment plants in the river basin of Želivka. Keywords: ground water, surface water, sewage treatment plant, drugs, contamination
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Coordination chemistry of pharmaceuticals
Malová, Zuzana ; Lukeš, Ivan (advisor) ; Vojtíšek, Pavel (referee)
Present methods for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases are rather limited and in clinical practise are missing. This thesis is focused on utilization of the positron emission tomography using isotope 64 Cu(II). For the project, two contrast agents were proposed containing ligand for Cu (II) coordination and thioflavine T derivative as fluorescent dye, also as a targeting compound. Structure of the thioflavine T derivative was defined by X-ray structural analysis. The selected fluorescent dye has a high affinity for incipient amyloids and, when bound to their structure, has enhanced fluorescent properties. The proposed ligands are tetraazacyclic. The first one is a diamide, where the thioflavin T derivative is part of a macrocyclic ring. The second selected ligand is linked to the thioflavin T derivative via a linker. Key words: complexes; pharmaceuticals; transition metals
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Coordination chemistry of pharmaceuticals
Malová, Zuzana ; Lukeš, Ivan (advisor) ; Vojtíšek, Pavel (referee)
Present methods for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases are rather limited and in clinical practise are missing. This thesis is focused on utilization of the positron emission tomography using isotope 64 Cu(II). For the project, two contrast agents were proposed containing ligand for Cu (II) coordination and thioflavine T derivative as fluorescent dye, also as a targeting compound. Structure of the thioflavine T derivative was defined by X-ray structural analysis. The selected fluorescent dye has a high affinity for incipient amyloids and, when bound to their structure, has enhanced fluorescent properties. The proposed ligands are tetraazacyclic. The first one is a diamide, where the thioflavin T derivative is part of a macrocyclic ring. The second selected ligand is linked to the thioflavin T derivative via a linker. Key words: complexes; pharmaceuticals; transition metals
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Utilization of treated wastewater in a drip irrigation system
Šalanda, Pavel ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Drought has an increasing importance in the Czech republic. It is necessary to look for potential irrigation water sources, which are important for agriculture. Treated wastewater can be one of them. It has potentially negative impact on soil physico-chemical properties, which is well-known from many researches in arid regions. The aim of this diploma thesis was to investigate, if the drip irrigation with treated wastewater (from constructed wetland) also has a potentially negative impact on two soils in the Czech republic. In one year experiment drip irrigation with treated wastewater was carried out in the greenhouse. Four treatments of irrigation was used for both soils - irrigation with treated wastewater, irrigation with groundwater, irrigation with treated wastewater + rainwater, irrigation with groundwater + rainwater. An amount of rainwater correspond with total precipitation of two locations, where the soils were brought from (Kostelec nad Ohří - Ústí nad Labem region and Hostětín - Zlín region). pH and electrical conductivity of soil leachate, total concentration of Na, K, Ca, Mg a P, bulk density, particle density and porosity was measured in both soils in 5 and 10 centimeters from source of irrigation. Values of pH of soil leachate fluctuated in every treatment in both soils during the...
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Microbial community in sediments of a stream contaminated by pharmaceuticals
Brťková, Hana ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Zikánová, Blanka (referee)
Pharmaceuticals are micropollutants, that enter the environment mainly through Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). In this work microbial community has been studied in sediments of a stream, which is located near a WWTP. This sediment is contaminated with pharmaceuticals. The subject of this thesis was to determine the presence of pharmaceuticals and microbial community in this study site and to point out possible relationships between these factors. Twelve pharmaceuticals were identified at concentrations reaching levels of ng/g. The concentrations of the compounds form a gradient that decreases with the distance from WWTP. Microbial biomass was estimated using the analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and microbial community was described using next-generation DNA sequencing. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids pointed out, that with the increasing distance from WWTP the amount of microbial biomass decreases. DNA sequencing revealed large microbial diversity in the studied sediment. For evaluation of the relationship between the microbial community and pharmaceuticals in the stream sediment, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used. The result of PCA showed, that in the stream sediment (depth 10-30 cm), Betaproteobacteria negatively correlated with triclosan and Clostridia negatively...
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The occurence of pharmaceuticals in the environment I.
Tkáčová, Gabriela ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor) ; Opletal, Lubomír (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Candidate: Gabriela Tkáčová Supervisor: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D Title of diploma thesis: The occurence of pharmaceuticals in the environment I. Drugs are biologically active substances used for treatment and prophylaxis of human and animal illnesses. Some drugs, however, remain biologically active even after they are excreted from the organism. By various means these substances can appear in the environment and can be detected in wastewater, surface water, seawater, groundwater, drinking water, sediments and soil. Chronic presence of low concentrations of drugs in the environment can negatively affect non-target organisms. Aim of this diploma thesis is to study presence of SSRI, statins and hypoglycemic drugs in the environment. Drugs from these farmacodynamic groups were detected in the environment in concentrations ranging from ng/l to μg/l. Selected drugs from SSRI group were fluoxetine, citalopram, fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine and escitalopram. In water samples they were detected in concentration ranging from tens to hundreds ng/l, they were also detected in soils and sediments. Toxicity for water biota was also proven. Fluoxetine caused changes in secondary sexual characteristics of fish...
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The occurence of pharmaceuticals in the environment II.
Olivová, Tereza ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor) ; Sklenářová, Hana (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Tereza Olivová Supervisor: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D Title of diploma thesis: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment II. Pharmaceuticals are biologically active substances used for treatment or prevention of human and animal diseases. Some of these substances remain active even after being excreted from an organism and they can enter the environment. The residues of pharmaceuticals are present not only in rivers, but also in sea, groundwater and in soil, into which the contaminated water and manure are applied. The concentration of pharmaceuticals in water and in soil differ from place to place (it is higher e. g. in close proximity of sewage treatment plants) and from season to season (it depends on levels of precipitations and sunshine). Nowadays, thanks to sensitive analytical methods it is not a problem to detect these xenobiotics even in very small amounts, in which they usually occur in nature (usually in order of units or tens of ng/l or ng/g). However, even these low concentrations might have a negative impact on the life of non-target organisms (e. g. reproduction disorders) and therefore, the calculations, which measure the lever of risk of particular...
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Pharmaceuticals issues in groundwaters
Šrot, Martin ; Hrkal, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Datel, Josef (referee)
Main objective of the diploma thesis was to observe the concentrations of selected types of drugs in the environment around the area of the village Horní Beřkovice. This goal was achieved by monitoring of the drugs concentration in surface and ground waters at Horní Beřkovice site. Monitoring system allowed to detect the passage of pollution from the source of the contamination, through sewage treatment plant, the unsaturated zone and aquifer to a potential user of contaminated groundwater. The diploma thesis is based on the field data from TACR project. I have analyzed data from the six samplings at the area of the village Horní Beřkovice with regard to the observed drugs or their residues in surface and ground waters. I have compared the results with data from the sewage treatment plants in the river basin of Želivka. Keywords: ground water, surface water, sewage treatment plant, drugs, contamination
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Preparation and phytoextraction of 125-I labelled pharmaceuticals
Luptáková, Dominika ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
Pharmaceuticals are group of organic substances with significant worldwide consumption in human and veterinary medicine. These compounds may be metabolized in the organism, but in some cases they remain unchanged and both are usually excreted via renal excretion in the native form or as metabolites. Large quantities of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites contaminate municipal wastewater. The wastewater treatment plants are unable to remove these substances completely, so they contaminate surface water, groundwater and soil as well. Due to the biological activity of pharmaceuticals, long - term effect may cause bacterial resistance, endocrine influence, DNA and renal damages in non-target organisms. The phytoextraction and the translocation of radiolabeled diclofenac with 125 I were experimentally studied by using of in vitro cultivated plants Helianthus annuus and Zea mays. Efficiency od phytoextraction was monitored as decrease of radioactivity of tested substance [125 I]diclofenac in Murashige-Skoog cultivation medium. Both species are able to extract tested substance during 8 to 10 days of cultivation, with efficiency approximately 85 % using Zea mays and 79 % using Helianthus annuus. Better extraction ability of diclofenac was observed at Helianthus annuus - 80 mg/ kg of dry weight compared...
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