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Hormones in sewage sludge
Jagošová, Klára ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
Currently there is a spate of interest in the presence of pharmacologically active substances in the environment. These substances are excreted in active or metabolized form and with wastewater pass the wastewater treatment plant. Current treatment technologies do not always eliminate all pharmaceuticals effectively and therefore they enter the environment. One of these active groups is the group of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones belong to the group of endocrine disruptors and they are considered to be dangerous for the ecosystems. Due to the hydrophobic character of steroid hormones they undergo partial or total sorption from wastewater to sludge. Sewage sludge is the by product of wastewater treatment and contains heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic bacteria. A part of produced sewage sludge is used as a fertilizer in the Czech Republic. This issue follows the regulation 347/2016 – conditions of agricultural use of sewage sludge. Waste policy of EU will alter the conditions of sludge disposal, so it is necessary to obtain data about the concentration levels, fate and behaviour of those pollutants. This thesis was focused on five natural female hormones and four synthetic, which are used as a part of contraceptive pills and substitutional hormonal therapy. Determination of hormones was performed in four steps including ultrasonic assisted extraction, clean up by solid phase extraction, derivatization and final analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on triple quadrupole in MS/MS mode.
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Fotoiniciovaná degradace vybraných léčiv (dexametazonu, prednisolonu, fluoxetinu) a testování toxicity léčiv a produktů jejich fotodegradace na vodní organismy (\kur{Daphnia magna})
DOKOUPILOVÁ, Eliška
This diploma thesis investigates kinetics of photoinitiated degradation of selected drugs (dexamethasone, prednisolone, fluoxetine) under conditions relevant to surface waters and provides results of toxicity tests of original compounds and their photodegradation products mixtures for a representant of aquatic organisms, cladoceran Daphnia magna. The theoretical part describes the basic characteristics, mechanism of action and therapeutic usage of selected drugs. Toxicological studies related to adverse effects of these substances on aquatic organisms are also briefly outlined. The experimental part presents first the results of photochemical degradation kinetics of the studied compounds and second the findings of chronic toxicity tests of the selected drugs and their photoproducts mixtures on Daphnia magna, namely on the number of juveniles, on the number of clutches and on the body size.
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The influence of the menstrual cycle on eating habits and the need for sports activities
Jelínková, Karolína ; Jaklová Dytrtová, Jana (advisor) ; Šteffl, Michal (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the topic of the influence of the menstrual-ovulatory cycle on the diet and physical condition of women. Countless studies in the field of training deal only with the male population, as the cyclicality of women is a complex and still not sufficiently researched topic. Because changes in hormone levels further cause various changes and reactions in tissues and organs, it is necessary to take into account the cyclicality of women in sports training, diet or other areas. Fluctuations in hormonal levels also cause psychological and emotional changes. In this work, a search is made of suitable studies together with known facts on this topic. The first part includes the description of the cycle itself and the second part the analysis of generally known nutritional recommendations. Thus, it cannot be assumed that women's activity is unchanged throughout the menstrual-ovulatory cycle. We created a table that monitors the sleep, diet, drinking regime, physical activity and emotions of women during the day, throughout the menstrual / ovulatory cycle. These elements are important for further research into female variability. It is important for women to understand their cycle, as it has an impact on the overall functioning of the body. During the cycle, changes were detected in...
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Hormonal control of sexual size dimorphism in vertebrates
Tureček, Adam ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Frýdlová, Petra (referee)
Males and females of one species share the majority of the genome, often also the joint niche, but their phenotype is usually very different. The biggest difference between the sexes is the achievement of different sizes that can be controlled dimorphic secretion of hormones. Although many researches have been conducted on this topic, we still lack the knowledge that at least in vertebrates exists in this respect a single, common proximate mechanism or whether different types or lines vary considerably in hormonal control of dimorphism in body size. Growth is influenced by a variety of hormones that can interact - for example, growth hormone, somatomedins, thyroid hormones and steroid hormones. However, experimental studies have suggested that influence levels of sex steroid hormones can cause a change in sexual dimorphism in size. My work focuses on summarizing knowledge about hormonal influence dimorphic growth in vertebrates and analyse the methodology used. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The effect of maternal smoking on the homeostasis of the fetoplacental unit
Adamcová, Karolína ; Pařízek, Antonín (advisor) ; Miovský, Michal (referee) ; Procházka, Martin (referee)
Maternal smoking causes serious health danger for a mother but especially for a baby. Cigarette smoking produces complex steroidogenesis changes during the whole life of a woman. To study the influence of smoking on fetoplacental unit focusing on steroid hormons it was important first to concentrate on changes of the chosen steroids around the delivery. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to observe some chosen steroid hormons in peripartal period (37th week of the pregnancy, first stage of labor of mothers and mixed umbilical blood of their neonates) and to look for relations to the age of mother, the increase of the weight during the pregnancy, the type of the delivery and the sex of the baby. It was interesting to compare steroids in the relation to the type of the delivery: vaginal delivery versus planned caesarean section. Non-smoking women who delivered a boy spontaneously had significantly higher level of 17-OH-pregnenolone, progesterone, cortisol, corticosterone and significantly lower level of estradiol in comparison with non-smoking women who delivered a boy by a planned Caesarean section. In the maternal blood in the 37th week of the pregnancy there were found differences between steroids in accordance to the sex of the fetus but they were not found in the neonates' case. The age...
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Less common metabolites of steroid hormones in human physiology and pathophysiology.
Máčová, Ludmila
Less common metabolites of steroid hormones in human physiology and pathophysiology Not long ago, they have been less common steroid metabolites regarded as mere degradation products of steroid metabolism. Since the last decades, it has been discovered that these substances, which are occurring in the human organism at Nano molar concentrations, are involved in the regulation of physiological processes, such as the immune response, thermoregulation, development of cancer and activity against the major steroids. As the introduction, the presented thesis provides an overview of published data dealing with the less common metabolites of steroids. Experimental part is based on partial studies whose objectives were chosen in such a way to help reveal some of the missing intermediate steps in the mechanism of steroid hormones action. Because these steroids occur in only Nano molar concentrations, the highly sensitive and specific methods such as radio-immuno assay (RIA), gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) had to be used. In the case of metabolites 16α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone and 7-oxo- dehydroepiandrosterone, we developed and statistically evaluated two novel RIA methods. These rapid and sensitive methods suitable for...
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Utilization of LC-MS/MS in diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Grúlová, Kristýna ; Kozlík, Petr (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disease that causes a disorder of steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex. This disease is a part of a panel of diseases searched in preclinical nationwide neonatal screening. The methodology is based on measuring the concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) in a dried blood spot using fluorescence immunoassay (FIA). However, this determination is not entirely specific and generates a high rate of false positive results (up to 4.3 %). In this diploma thesis the LC-MS / MS method was developed. This method measures selected steroid hormones involved in cortisol metabolism with respect to the diagnosis of CAH disease. The method was validated and applied to clinical samples, it identified CAH patients from negative controls and significantly reduced the false positivity of neonatal screening results. Compared to the FIA results, the LC-MS / MS method reduced false positivity up to 50 % by evaluating the concentration of 17-OHP. Moreover, by extending the diagnostic algorithm with other measured markers, the reduction was enhanced up to 98%. The developed method is also applicable for the measurement of serum and plasma samples, respectively, and has become a part of the confirmation tests for suspected CAH screening findings. Key...
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Hormones in sewage sludge
Jagošová, Klára ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
Currently there is a spate of interest in the presence of pharmacologically active substances in the environment. These substances are excreted in active or metabolized form and with wastewater pass the wastewater treatment plant. Current treatment technologies do not always eliminate all pharmaceuticals effectively and therefore they enter the environment. One of these active groups is the group of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones belong to the group of endocrine disruptors and they are considered to be dangerous for the ecosystems. Due to the hydrophobic character of steroid hormones they undergo partial or total sorption from wastewater to sludge. Sewage sludge is the by product of wastewater treatment and contains heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic bacteria. A part of produced sewage sludge is used as a fertilizer in the Czech Republic. This issue follows the regulation 347/2016 – conditions of agricultural use of sewage sludge. Waste policy of EU will alter the conditions of sludge disposal, so it is necessary to obtain data about the concentration levels, fate and behaviour of those pollutants. This thesis was focused on five natural female hormones and four synthetic, which are used as a part of contraceptive pills and substitutional hormonal therapy. Determination of hormones was performed in four steps including ultrasonic assisted extraction, clean up by solid phase extraction, derivatization and final analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on triple quadrupole in MS/MS mode.
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The effect of steroid hormones on sexually dimorphic bone growth in geckos
Tureček, Adam ; Kubička, Lukáš (advisor) ; Frýdlová, Petra (referee)
The sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread among animals but proximate mechanisms of its ontogeny are still poorly understood even in important groups of vertebrates such as reptiles. Previous experiments in geckos showed that growth of both sexes slows substantially at their older age. Their SSD develops considerably a long time after sexual maturity, it is associated with earlier growth deceleration in the smaller sex and it is controlled by ovarian rather than testicular steroids. The aim of the thesis was to explore the previous knowledge by studying the ontogenesis of the sexually-dimorphic bone growth of the gecko Paroedura picta, the male- larger species with the most explored proximate mechanisms of SSD among geckos. I was most interested in the ontogeny of the growth plates activity and the epiphyseal ossification of the femur in both sexes and their relationship to age, body length, gonadal activity and levels of sex-specific steroids (estradiol and testosterone). The results show that P. picta has determinate growth and that epiphyseal ossification does not contribute to the SSD. The femoral growth plates close at the same age in both sexes; however, their closure occurs at smaller body length in females than in males. In the context of this and the previous studies, estradiol or other...
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