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Analysis of morbidity in Czechia investigating health care provision and take-up in relation to diabetes mellitus
Kocová, Markéta
Analysis of morbidity in Czechia investigating health care provision and take-up in relation to diabetes mellitus Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disease which presents as hyperglycaemia or raised blood glucose. Late detection or a failure to follow treatment guidelines may lead to complications that significantly impact on the sufferer's daily life and require expensive medical treatment. The growing prevalence of this disease, which no longer only affects developed countries, therefore presents enormous risks to health care systems and society as a whole. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the geodemographic characteristics of the current diabetic population in Czechia. Particular attention will be paid to the age of diabetes sufferers, since in Czechia data on this is lacking. In pursuit of this aim the thesis makes use of anonymised data from the largest Czech health insurance company (Czech General Health Insurance). The first part of the thesis looks at diabetes mellitus as a medical condition, concentrating primarily on the basic types of the disease but also considering the potential health complications this disease causes. The theoretical part will discuss the main risk factors of developing the disease, such as genetic predisposition, age, obesity and other potential factors...
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The importance of the expression of leukocyte and thrombogenic markers in the atherogenesis
Svobodová, Helena ; Štulc, Tomáš (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Poledne, Rudolf (referee)
Inflammatory and prothrombotic factors play a crucial role in the atherogenesis. Dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus as well are associated with the endothelial and leukocyte activation, which facilitate the inflammatory infiltration of the subendothelial space and deteriorate endothelial dysfunction, and thus contribute to the development of premature atherosclerosis. Furthermore, diabetes is associated with a number of platelets and coagulation factors abnormalities that participate in atherogenesis by other mechanisms and may be involved in the acute atherothrombotic events progression. Therefore, the factors that could favourably influence these actions become the subject of interest. In this work, we examined leukocyte expression of cell adhesion molecules in patients with hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes, and thrombogenic molecules on leukocytes in type 2 diabetes, and also soluble endothelial and thrombogenic markers. In these patient groups, we investigated the effect of lipid lowering and antidiabetic treatment on these markers. (...) In contrast, there was nearly no effect of the hypolipidemic and antidiabetic treatment on the serum/plasma endothelial and thrombogenic molecules. Leukocyte molecules may therefore be a more sensitive marker of atherogenesis than circulating endothelial...
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Integrating Role of Adipose Tissue Secretory Functions in Response to Dietary and Pharmacological Treatments
Macek Jílková, Zuzana ; Kopecký, Jan (advisor) ; Müllerová, Dana (referee) ; Cahová, Monika (referee)
Obesity represents a predominant risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy. The size of adipocytes influences the adipocytes biology and secretory functions of adipose tissue in general. Understanding the mechanisms regulating growth and secretory activity of adipose tissue is of paramount importance. Moreover, obesity represents a chronic subclinical inflammatory state linking obesity to insulin resistance and hypertrophic adipocytes contribute to this phenomenon. An improvement of strategies used in the prevention and treatment of inflammation associated with obesity is therefore urgently needed. The four studies described in this thesis address several topics related to adipose tissue biology, and thus contributing to the understanding of the integrating role of adipose tissue secretory functions in response to dietary and pharmacological treatments. This thesis demonstrates a possible role of white adipose tissue thyroid hormones (TH) metabolism in the modulation of its function under conditions of changing adiposity (Publication A); a unique role of leptin, secreted from adipose tissue, in the complex control of energy homeostasis of the organism (Publication B); beneficial effects of the combination treatment of...
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Molecular aspects of genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes mellitus and its monogenic forms
Pintérová, Daniela ; Černá, Marie (advisor) ; Bendlová, Běla (referee) ; Hubáček, Jaroslav (referee)
The aim of this work was to study some molecular aspects of genetic predisposition to T2DM and its monogenic forms. We searched for correlations of genotypes with many clinical and laboratory markers and tried to evaluate their significance. The consequences for possible changes in the treatment some particular patients were under discussion. Especially for those suffering from monogenic forms we were able to reach better compensation of DM, or at latest the same compensation for more acceptable therapy. We studied the associations of chosen candidate genes, PPAR, NF-B, its inhibitor IB, known polymorphisms and T2DM including diabetic complications. We used the association study approach to find out if there is any association between available genetic variants among our patients and T2DM with its phenotypic abnormalities (changed levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, further the presence of diabetic complications).
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Differentiation of adult stem cells into insulin-producing beta cells
Koblas, Tomáš ; Saudek, František (advisor) ; Grim, Miloš (referee) ; Štechová, Kateřina (referee)
Ph.D. Thesis abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a metabolic disorder in which there is a low level or complete lack of the insulin. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) is caused by an autoimmune reaction leading to the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. In consequence, low or non-existent insulin production leads to a complete dependence on exogenous insulin supplementation. DM1 causes serious long-term complications. Although strict control of blood sugar could prevent the onset and development of diabetic complications only 5% of diabetic patients are able to achieve such control. Hence it is evident that the current methods of treatment are neither sufficient to treat this disease, nor prevent late complications in most patients. The most promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of diabetes is the restoring of insulin production. One such method is the transplantation of insulin-producing tissue. However, a lack of available insulin- producing tissue limits such therapeutic approach. Therefore an alternative source of insulin producing cells have to be found to obtain a sufficient amount of safe and efficient insulin producing tissue. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells could represent such an available alternative source. Despite the evidence...
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Healthy Life Style Influence on Civilization Diseases Prevention
Svěráková, Dagmar ; Novotná, Viléma (advisor) ; Holá, Iveta (referee)
Název: Vliv zdravého životního stylu na prevenci civilizačních chorob. Healthy life style's influence on civilization diseases prevention. Cíl práce: Posouzení životního stylu cvičenců hromadné pohybové skladby Pohoda v průběhu přípravy na Světovou gymnaestrádu v r. 2007 a dále výběr a souhrn poznatků o případných zdravotních ohrožení vyplývajících ze zjištěných somatických údajů a dotazníkového šetření. Metoda: Výzkum byl prováděn formou dotazníkového šetření a antropometrickým měřením se 346 respondenty, kteří se zúčastnili nácviků hromadné pohybové skladby Pohoda (15.10 2005. - 18.6. 2006). Zastoupeny byly ženy i muži různých věkových kategorií. Výsledky: Budou sloužit jako východisko k dalšímu zkoumání v rámci výzkumných úkolů zaměřených zejména na program boje proti civilizačním nemocem, proti obezitě a na rozšíření nabídky vhodných pohybových aktivit pro dospělou populaci a seniory. Klíčová slova: Zdravý životní styl, wellness, srdečně - cévní onemocnění, obezita, hypertenze, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidémie, nekuřáctví, pohybová aktivita.
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The Effect of Bariatric Operations on the Compensation of Diabetes Mellitus
Horáková, Jitka ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the problem of obesity and diabetes mellitus in today's society. The theoretical part brings a closer look at the problem of obesity, the complications resulting from it and the possible ways of therapy. Further it discusses the problem of diabetes mellitus and the influence of obesity on diabetes mellitus type 2 that causes serious health complications. The thesis describes the treatment options of the mentioned diseases, especially focusing on lifestyle changes (dietary regimen, physical activity) and bariatric surgery that significantly contributes to weight reduction and reduction of complications risks. The practical part of the thesis deals with the research in this area, comparing a group of diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing the bariatric surgery. Furthermore, it focuses on the impact of the bariatric surgery on the compensation of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: obesity, diabetes mellitus, dietary treatment, bariatric operations
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Signalling of protein kinase B and expression of cyclooxygenase in early phases of diabetic nephropathy
Ždychová, Jana ; Komers, Radko (advisor) ; Haluzík, Martin (referee) ; Matoušovic, Karel (referee) ; Škrha, Jan (referee)
Introduction: Renal hypertrophy, extracellular matrix accumulation, aItered apoptosis as well as changes in regional hemodynamics have been implicated in the pathophysiology of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus (DM). On the molecular level the detailed mechanisms for development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) have becn intensively studied. Insulin induces a variety of biologicaI effects in a number of cell types via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase signaling pathway. Considering multiple function of Akt that incIude potentiaIly hannful pro-growth effects mediated by mTOR and cyclooxygenas-2 (COX-2), as well as protective effects mediated by endotheliaI nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), it is possible that aIterations in activities of Akt may play role in the pathophysiology ofDN. Renal corticaI activity and expression of Akt, its down-strearn effectors mTOR, eNOS, and "C<JIX-:Z. as well as PTEN, an endogenous Akt inhibitor, were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ): diabetic rats as a model of Type 1 DM with different levels of glycenůc control, and in Zucker ~d.iabetic fatty rats, a model ofDM2, and in nondiabetic rats as controls. Methods: Akt activity was measured by kinase assay. Protein expressions were measured by .immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in renal cortex of 4- and 12- week old...
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Examining the significance of peptides regulating the intake of food and the nutritional state of children and adolescents
Bronský, Jiří ; Průša, Richard (advisor) ; Pelouch, Václav (referee) ; Hyánek, Josef (referee)
Introduction: Regulation of food intake and nutritional status is mediated by complex interactions of regulatory peptides of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue. These systems are connected by feedback loops which inform the centre about amount of ingested food and energy reserves in the organism. Dysfunction of any of these regulatory areas may lead to changes in nutritional status of the organism. Methods: We used radioimmunoassay to measure plasma levels of orexin A, total ghrelin and serum levels of leptin and enzyme immunoassay to measure serum levels of adiponectin in healthy subjects and in children with obesity, anorexia nervosa, Crohn's disease and celiac disease and we evaluated the influence of nutritional therapy on these levels. Moreover, we evaluated relationship of these regulatory peptides to other biochemical and anthropometrical factors of nutritional status. We also measured plasma levels of total and unreduced amylin by enzyme immunoassay with immunofluorescence detection in adult patients with osteoporosis, type II diabetes mellitus and in the control group. Results: During reduction of body weight in obese children and adolescents, there were statistically significant changes of plasma orexin A levels and total ghrelin levels, but we haven't seen any...
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