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Phylogeography of the praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) in central Europe
Urbánková, Hana ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Kočárek, Petr (referee)
The praying mantis (Mantis religiosa) is the only representative of the order Mantodea in central Europe. Within Czech Republic, this species is distributed mostly on xerothermic localities in southern Moravia. However, M. religiosa has been spreading more to the north not only in Czech Republic, but also in other Europian countries recently. The aim of this study was to reconstruct phylogeography based on genetic markers. It seems that studied species was distributed at least in three lineages in Europe, which could be connected with glacial refugias. First lineage was spread to the north probably from Pyrenean peninsula, second lineage from Crimea peninsula and third lineage from Balkan area. Nine microsatellite loci were tested and will be used for consequent sctudy of phylogeography and distribution of M. religiosa within Europe. Keywords: Mantis religiosa, mtDNA, microsatellite, expansion, phylogeography, phylogeny.
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Phylogeography of Pipistrellus pipistrellus species complex
Chudárková, Adéla ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Janko, Karel (referee)
(in English) Pipistrellus pipistrellus species complex contains two sympatric species inhabiting Europe and part of West and Central Asia (Pipistrellus pipistrellus s. str, Pipistrellus pygmaeus s. str) and several other lines, isolated in the Mediterranean (North Africa, islands and peninsulas of the Mediterranean Sea). This taxon is a part of the extensive radiation within the genus Pipistrellus, which in today's concept includes about 30 species. Mosaic line of P. pipistrellus complex, located at different stages of diversification and secondary contacts in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, is a suitable model for research on speciation. In this thesis we focused on analyses of distribution, phylogeography, population structure and demography based on mitochondrial data from 323 individuals, representing almost the entire range. Control region of mitochondrial DNA was chosen as a genetic marker. Variability in the 378 pb long fragment acknowledged the existence of several genetically distinct lines whose species status is discussed. Observed fylogeografic pattern confirms the existence of groups of radiation centers in the Mediterranean region. An allopatric speciation was there, two of the lines (P. pipistrellus s. str and P. pygmaeus s. str.) later expanded into Europe and their ranges...
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Human biological variation in the light of certain morphological and molecular biological traits.
Kujanová, Martina ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Sládek, Vladimír (referee) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
This doctoral thesis is submitted in the form of science publications with impact factor and presents human biological variation in two different ways. The first part is the study of phenotype variation focused on the degree of limb bones bilateral asymmetry. Besides genetic and hormonal factors asymmetry may develop as a response to biomechanical and to environmental factors influencing the individual/population. Therefore this trait can be considered as a measure of person's living conditions, health or environmental stress of different origin or exa- mine the effects of behavioral distinctions as sexual division of labor and diffe- rences in subsistence strategy. The submitted publication (Kujanová et al., 2008) is based on samples of two diachronic populations (medieval and recent) from Bohe- mia with different expected levels of health/environmental stress. The study is fo- cused especially on these aspects that may be indicative of various stresses, such as malnutrition or other nonspecific factors influencing health of persons living in the studied populations. According to the results we propose that bilateral asymmetry observed in the diachronic populations showed some differences supporting the theory that the medieval population was not subjected to as highly stressful condi- tions as the...
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Population and geographic variation in long-winged bats (Miniopterus) in the western Palaearctic
Šrámek, Jan ; Benda, Petr (advisor) ; Hanák, Vladimír (referee)
In this study the sexual and geographical variations in the genus Miniopterus were deeply investigated, using multidisciplinary analysis (morphometric cranial, dental, fenetic and shape analysis; molecular analysis of mt gene ND2). Different populations from western Palearctic and adjacent regions were analysed: Miniopterus schreibersii (Morocco, West Europe, Pannonia, Balkans, Crete, Near East, Middle East), Miniopterus natalensis (Yemen, Ethiopia) a Miniopterus inflatus (Ethiopia). Extensove samples of Miniopterus schreibersii were tested and existence of sexual dimorphism in cranial constitution was showed: males had generally bigger and relatively higher, shorter and narrower skulls than females; female mandibles were generally bigger than the male ones, females showed also more robust and larger teeth than males. On the other hand, males had markedly bigger canines and relatively higher P4 (in relation to other premolares). The sexes also deiffered in shape of P4 and upper molars. According to the interpopulation variation found, Miniopterus schreibersii samples from West Europe, Pannonia, Balkans, Crete, Sicily, Georgia, coastal Turkish and Moroccan areas belong most probably to the subspecies M. s. schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817). The samples from Afganistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, and from localities...
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Dispersal, distribution and genetic diversity of Melampyrum subalpinum group
CHLUMSKÝ, Jan
This thesis is focused on the dispersal, distribution, and genetic diversity of the taxonomically highly diverse Melampyrum subalpinum group. A complete revision of the localities of M. subalpinum in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is presented. The genetic variation and population structure of the M. subalpinum group across its distribution range is described based on allozymes, nuclear and chloroplast gene sequencing, and genome size. Signs of historical hybridization with M. nemorosum were found in some populations. A comparison of seed dispersal by ants between the co-occurring M. subalpinum and M. pratense and the influence of differences in this process are presented. A new mean of seed dispersal (endozoochory) is introduced for Melampyrum. Myrmecochorous dispersal distances are tested and Holocene migration possibilities are discussed taking into account endozoochory.
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Phylogeography of \kur{Boloria eunomia} and comparison with similarly distributed species
MAREŠOVÁ, Jana
Phylogeography, phylogeny and population structure were studied in two similarly distributed butterflies, the Bog Fritillary (Boloria eunomia) and the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Boloria selene). Sequences of mitochondrial gen for COI and nuclear Wingless and Arginine Kinase were used for analyses, for reconstruction of evolutionary relationships within both species and for comparison of phylogeography patterns.
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Phylogeography of mountain butterfly ??Bicyclus anisops in West Africa
PETRŮ, Vojtěch
The Gulf of Guinea Highlands is a unique mountane range of volcanic origin, situated on the African mainland in the borther of Nigeria and Cameroon, and the Gulf of Guinea islands of Bioko, S?o Tomé and Príncipe. This area is highly unique as the only large mountains in central and western Africa. The high degree of isolation of these mountains generated high degree of endemism of many groups of organisms; the whole region is thus one of the world biodiversity hotspots (known as the West African Forests). Despite its tremnedous conservation importance, this mountain range is under strong anthropogenic influence, as one of the most densely populated areas in tropical Africa. Despite all these factors, the conservation efforts in West Africa focused mainly on lowland areas of rain forests, whilst only few conservation effort is focused to the mountain habitats. As the other result, the lack of comprehensive biogeographic and phytogeographical studies of mountain flora and fauna is obvious. In this work, I have summarized the results of all crucial studies of the biogeography of the Gulf of Guinea Highlands. I also obtained sequences of three mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, and ND1) of an endemic montane butterfly Bicyclus anisops. Variability in the studied genes was relatively low. Phylogenetic analyses separated haplotypes into 7 well-established groups (1st Mt. Cameroon, 2nd Nkogam I, 3rd Nkogam II, 4th Bakossi-Kupe-Manengouba-Bani, 5th Mbam, 7th Hosséré Enla Fabo 6th all others localities (tj. Bamenda-Banso Mts., Acha Tugi, Mbam, Ngel Nyaki, Gotel Mts.)) but did not significantly resolved relationships among them. Based on the hyplotype diversity of B. anisops as an umbrella species, Mt. Cameroon, Nkogam, Mbam Massif, Mbiame, Hosséré Enla Fabo, Mt. Manengouba, Mt. Kupe and Mt. Oku are considered as localities of the highest conservation importance.
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