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The Analysis of the impact of varieties and seed treatment on selected parameter seeds of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
Míča, Luděk ; Kuchtová, Perla (advisor) ; Miroslava, Miroslava (referee)
Czech Republic is one of the world's leading producers of the poppy seeds. Concerning the growing field area of poppy, the Czech Republic is lead producer of the poppy seeds at the international level (Vašák, 2010; Cihlář, 2012).
Poppy seed is very sensitive on many internal and external factors during cultivation, especially in the beginning of germination and emergence. At present, there are not registered preparations available for seed dressing for poppy seed in the Czech Republic (Prokinová, 2006). However, there has been done many experiments based on testing of natural substances (eg. humates and plant extracts), microorganisms and especially the application of soil fungi in seed treatment recently
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of selected regional varieties of poppy cultivation and seed treatment to yield parameters of poppy seed both individually and in combination,. For the thesis was essential to describe the suitability of varieties for growing in organic and integrated agriculture in relation to the efficiency of production. Evaluation of the seed quality of the varieties was carried out in the field as well as under laboratory conditions. Before sowing, seeds were treated by preparations Gliorex and TS Osivo, untreated variant has been used as a control.
During plant cultivation were monitored shape of the plants, the degree of infestation, weed control and other treatments based on natural substances. Neem-Azal was used as the pest regulator. The second variant was treated by foliar application of TS Květa.
Seeds harvested from variants of our trial were tested under laboratory conditions for comparison of differences between varieties. The tests also revealed the seed infestation and what percentage of the seed is viable. The last evaluation was carried out on the basis of the weight of thousands of seeds (HTS), which reflects the yield determined by the selected seed treatment.
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Change trajectories of wetlands in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic
Richter, Pavel ; Skaloš, Jan (advisor) ; Dagmar, Dagmar (referee)
Wetland habitats are of great multifunctional importance in landscape. In particular, they have the capacity to retain water during its surplus and then in the dry season to release the water. In this work the dynamics of change in wetlands coverage was analyzed, including the representation structure of different categories of wetlands over the past 180 years in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic. The historical maps of Stable Cadastre, current orthophoto and current GIS layers of localization and classification of different types of land use/cover and landscape types were used as data sources. The area of wetlands has dramatically decreased from 5 762 hectares in the period 1825-1843 (more than 9.5 % of the area) to 54 hectares in 2014 (0.9 %). Based on the study of available documents three types of wetland habitats were classified: wet meadows, wet meadows with trees and swamps . Although, the most of the historic wetlands were constituted of wet meadows (89 %) these days the swamps (48 %) form the largest part of the wetlands. Half of the historic wetlands were transformed to arable land because of increasing production of agriculture. According to the evaluation of monitored changes by predictors it was found that more pressure on the degradation of wetlands was in the areas with more suitable climatic conditions for agriculture (e.g. The Danube basin, Moravia, soil types in the lowlands, Corn agricultural production area etc.). In these areas the swamps were formed as new wetlands in places of historical watercourses localization more significantly than elsewhere in monitored area. The aim of this work was also to describe the main driving forces and pressures that have influenced the changes in wetlands. The outcome of the paper can be used in landscape planning with regard to the protection and management of wetlands.
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Mophological and molecular diversity of a tropical tree species Guazuma crinita in the Peruvian Amazon
Tuisima Coral, Lady Laura ; Lojka, Bohdan (advisor) ; Helena, Helena (referee)
Fast growing tree species Guazuma crinita (Malvaceae) was selected as a priority species for domestication in the Peruvian Amazon due its important contribution to the livelihood of local farmers. Its domestication process is still in an early age as for many tropical tree species little is known about its genetic variability and we dont know anything about the impact of domestication on its genetic resources. The main objective of this research was to assess the genetic variability of G. crinita within and among populations in the Peruvian Amazon by the use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular (ISSR and AFLP) markers.
Wood physical properties among six G. crinita provenances were evaluated. Wood samples were drilled from the base middle and top of the stem of 12 randomly selected eight-years-old trees for determination of wood measurement. Pearson correlations between physical properties were also determined. All wood physical properties except green density differed significantly among provenances. We also found statistically significant variation due to stem level position. The moderately dense wood and the coefficient of anisotropy (1.6) suggested that G. crinita has stable wood; they represent important advantages in terms of costs for transport and transformation process. The results suggested potential to select provenances with desirable wood properties for further breeding and domestication. Due to the variation found even in limited tree samples it is recommended further analysis with more extensive number of samples from different provenances and planting zones.
This research presents the first assessment of genetic variability based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for 44 G. crinita genotypes from a clonal garden multiplication established in the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) in Ucayali region. Ten ISSR primers amplified a total of 65 bands of which 61 were polymorphic (93.8%). The range of DNA amplification varied from 260 to 2200 bp. Among the provenances overall genetic differentiation (Gst) was 0.03 indicating 97% of genetic diversity within provenances. Gene flow (Nm) was 12.9 alleles per generation. Cluster analysis was not related with geographic origin suggesting a common gene pool which was supported by calculation of weak positive correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance.
With the use of AFLP markers an insight on how domestication process does impact G. crinita genetic resources is also reported on this research work. I was able to generate fingerprint for 58 leaf samples representing eight provenances and three population types, 19 from a natural regenerated population 15 cultivated in home garden nursery and 24 from a collection of genotypes considered as semi-domesticated population. Seven selective AFLP primer combinations were used. A total of 171 fragments were amplified with 99.42% of polymorphism at species level. Each type of population generated fragments with 72.51% 49.12% and 54.39% of polymorphic fragments respectively. Neis genetic diversity and Shannon index information were found to be higher in the population of natural regeneration compared to overall semi-domesticated population (He = 0.10 and 0.9; I = 0.19 and 0.16 respectively). The analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed higher variation within provenances rather than among (84% and 4% respectively). UPGMA clusters analysis and PCoA did not showed correspondence between genetic and geographic distance in addition their correlation was not significant. There was a significant genetic differentiation among types of population suggesting slight genetic bottleneck in semi-domesticated populations yet with relatively high levels of genetic variation.
In situ conservation for populations with high levels of genetic diversity was recommended. In addition proper management of natural regeneration and ex situ genotype collections might be a good conservation strategy to maintain G. crinita genetic resources.
The use of morphological (wood physical traits) and molecular markers were successful to reveal genetic variability of G. crinita and they could be used for other tropical tree species. For further researches it is emphasis to extent the number of samples and geographic scale.
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Optimization of microclimate parameters in dairy farms, while reducing the energy consumption of selected technological systems
Češpiva, Miroslav ; Pecen, Josef (advisor) ; Ján, Ján (referee)
Thesis is focused on the measurement and evaluation of microclimate parameters in barns for dairy farming and the determination of the energy consumptions of selected technologies in these barns. The aim of this work was to design and eventually to implement adjustments in order to improve the parameters of cowshed microclimate and reducing the energy consumption of selected technologies in depends on results of the measurements. Three structurally different cowsheds with different slurry clearing technologies were selected for monitoring. I focused on the measurement of temperature and relative humidity in relation to temperature- humidity index and its impact on heat stress on dairy cows. I measured airflow in the cowsheds and I determinate concentrations and emissions of ammonia and methane in the cowsheds in different seasons. I monitored light intensity in the cowsheds and I determined the dependence of building solutions on the use of outdoor light to illuminate the interior of the barns. The energy consumption of the lighting system depending on the season and the consumption of additional fans on the air temperature were studied.
On the bases of results of the experimental part I designed and implemented lighting system, controlled by light intensity in a cowshed and energy-saving ventilation in the cowshed - type K105. I suggested a system of continuously monitoring of climatic parameters in the cowshed with immediate calculation of temperature- humidity index.
Measurements have shown the dependence of gases concentrations on the way of slurry clearing technologies. The building solutions of cowsheds and type of ventilation proved a significant influence on the temperature- humidity index during the summer.
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Structure, development and growing spruce-beech stands in the western Giant Mountains
Bulušek, Daniel ; Vacek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Michal, Michal (referee)
The subject of dissertation is to evaluate the structure, development and silviculture spruce-beech stands in the western Giant Mountains and design of differentiated silviculture of these stand in similar environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the structure of trees natural regeneration and the structure of tree layer, evaluate their current development and to predict future developments and based on detailed analysis of habitat and stand conditions to propose a framework directive management of the studied stands and stands located in similar habitat and stand conditions in the Giant Mountains. For this purpose were used primarily permanent research plots (PRP) 1, 2, 8, 9 and 35 with the dimensions of 50 × 50 m, which were established and regularly monitored since 1980 (PRP 1, 2, 8 and 9), PRP 35 were established in 2004 and a number of other sub-plots. For the evaluation of natural regeneration was on each research plot marked transects 50 × 5 m (250 m2). Measurement of the natural regeneration included all individuals present at the individual transects, whose diameter breast-height diameter was smaller than 7 cm. After measuring all the data was evaluated spatial, species, height and thickness structure. To evaluate the tree layer were measured all individuals on permanent research plot with breast-height diameter greater or equal than 7 cm. The measured data were subsequently evaluated by mathematical-statistical methods. Visualization of the tree layer and development simulation was performed using the growth simulator biodynamic of forest SIBYLA. The results show that the structure stands was on individual permanent research plots very variable. Variability occurred in natural regeneration even within individual transects. Significant differences are evident in the development of stands that provide space for a wide range of near natural differentiated care within of stands type and individual types and subtypes of forest development.
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Surface runoff generation and its erosion processes
Kalibová, Jana ; Kovář, Pavel (advisor) ; Štibinger, Jakub (referee)
Research of model simulations of hydrological data for water resources studies and field and laboratory experiments testing the effectiveness of erosion control geotextiles using rainfall simulators is summarized in this dissertation. The results of the research have been used to suggest a water regime optimisation in the catchment of a former mining pit Medard-Libík. Although agricultural and forestry reclamation measures have been applied, rill erosion still appears on some slopes within the catchment. The soil loss and sediment transport result in the deterioration of the crop yield, cause damage on the road and drainage systems and also influence the quality of water in the lake arising by flooding the former mining pit.
The first part of the dissertation provides a review on surface runoff and its erosion processes. Next, bio-technical erosion control measures on slopes are summarised. The third part of the dissertation is devoted to a simulation of surface runoff on a model slope in the Medard Catchment. The main aim was to test whether the KINFIL model is suitable for the simulation of the effectiveness of erosion control geotextiles and suggest an appropriate erosion control measures for the eroded slopes in the Medard Catchment.
The KINFIL model seems to be a useful tool to quantify the effectiveness of individual erosion control products and measures in order to find the most convenient option. The simulations carried out in the dissertation corresponded to the results of field and laboratory experiments testing the impact of geotextiles on surface runoff and soil erosion published earlier.
A well-balanced rainfall-runoff regime in the Medard Catchment would increase the stability of the landscape, reduce the cost of restoration of the damage caused by erosion to road and drainage systems and improve the water quality by elimination of the sediment transport. The results of this dissertation may be offered to the public administration or private stakeholders to control erosion within the reclamation of areas affected by mining activities.
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Qualitative evaluation of production and qualitative increment in stands at forest district Klokočná
Švec, Otakar ; Remeš, Jiří (advisor) ; Pulkrab, Karel (referee)
This thesis investigates the production and economic characteristics of forest stands in transformation process from even-aged forest stands to irregular forest stands. In the research area of Forest District Klokočná originally pure pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies L.) stands are being transformed to stands with complex forest structure characterized by selection harvest with the purpose of production and struc-tural equilibrium. Data was collected from eighteen 0.25 ha study plots; nine of them on forest develop-ment type (FDP) A -- acidic forest sites (predominantly 3K - Querceto-Fagetum aci-dophilum) and nine on FDP B -- waterlogged forest sites (predominantly 4P - Querce-to-Abietum variohumidum acidophilum). Within each study plot all woody stems of diameter more than 10 cm were measured. For each stem, the diameter in mm at 1.3 m above ground (dbh), the total height and the crown height (hypsometer Vertex, accuracy 0.1 m) were measured. For selected trees in particular diameter classes increment cores were sampled. For each FDP and stand structural segment a set of trees was sampled before and after the harvest and local assortment tables were crated for spruce and pine. Based on sampled data, financial value of standing timber, annual value incre-ment and target diameter for spruce and pine were calculated. Based on research results it is shown that lower homogeneity of forest stands has led to higher diameter increment of individual trees. On the contrary, negative effect of higher structural complexity of forest stands is lower quality of spruce timber in the range of 3 -- 4% per 1 m3. Generally better quality of pine and spruce timber, and thus also higher value, was confirmed for the FDP A. In this FDP target diameters for both investigated tree species are 8 -- 13 cm higher than for FDP B. It is concluded that forest transformation has strong impact on the production and eco-nomic characteristics of forest stands in the Forest District Klokočná, nevertheless studied forest stands still cannot be considered as stands with ideal selection structure in production and economic optimum. For future transformation efforts model charac-teristics differentiated according to site and structural characteristics are needed.
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Using Weather Generators for the Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change in Catchments
Martínková, Marta ; Hanel, Martin (advisor) ; Máca, Petr (referee)
The main objective of this dissertation is to provide a novel approach to downscaling of outputs from regional climate models and to simulation of future climate. The resulting method consists of rain generator that operates in 6-hour time step. The generator performs well for the observational data.
It consists of following steps: disaggregation of 6-hour cumulative precipitation into convective and stratiform types, fitting of first order 3-state discrete time Markov chain to the data and simulation of long time series of precipitation. Then the mixture of log-normal and Generalized Pareto distribution is fitted to stratiform events and the Generalized extreme value distribution is fitted to convective events.
The impact of climate change on precipitation is evaluated by using change factors that are identified for precipitation occurrence (by comparing the transition matrices for the future and control period) and for precipitation amount (by comparing the scale and location parameters of distributions fitted for the future and control period). The observational data are then altered with obtained change factors.
From evaluation of observational data it stems that the average volume of an convective event is higher for the western region than for eastern region of the Czech Republic. Additionally, statistically significant trends in number and volume of convective events were identified for the region.
The relative portion of convective precipitation is the highest in summer for observational data.
From analysis of RCMs simulations, it stems that even though the overall precipitation is projected to be lower in future, the proportion of convective events (versus stratiform ones) would be higher. The number of convective events is projected to be lower in the future, while the volume of a convective event to be bigger.
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The effect of housing system on egg shell quality and egg internal quality
Vlčková, Jana ; Tůmová, Eva (advisor) ; Skřivanová, Eva (referee)
In the study 3 experiments were carried out. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate performance of laying hens, quality of air in poultry house, and microbial contamination of the eggshell in laying hens kept under blue, green, red, and yellow light colour in enriched cages. The laying performance characteristics (hen-day egg production, mortality, and egg weight) were not affected by light colour. Similarly, microbial contamination of the air was not significantly different related to the light colour. There were significant interactions in eggshell contamination between cage floor and light colour in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. The highest number of Escherichia coli was detected in eggs from hens housed in the middle floor given yellow light and the lowest values on the upper floor also under yellow light colour. Similar results were observed in Enterococcus. The results of our study indicate that the light colour has a minor effect on microbial contamination but the significant influence was in the floor position. The highest microbial egg contamination was found on eggs from the middle floor.
In the second experiment, the effect of housing system (conventional cage, litter, aviary) and feed calcium content (3,0 and 3,5%) on laying performance characteristics, technological quality of eggs, microbial contamination of the eggshell and egg content during storage was evaluated. The significant interaction between housing system and feed calcium content was found in egg weight, eggshell strength, eggshell percentage, eggshell weight, Haugh units and albumen index. The housing system affected egg production, feed intake, egg weight and some characteristics of eggshell quality. From characteristics of eggshell quality the feed calcium content affected only eggshell strength and eggshell percentage. The significant interaction between housing system and storage time was found in contamination of eggshell by total number of microorganisms. The housing system affected also contamination of the eggshell where higher number of Escherichia coli and total number of microorganisms were in eggs from litter. Higher penetration of all monitored species of microorganisms on the eggshell membranes was 2nd and 7th day of storage in the group with 3.5% of calcium in the feed mixture in eggs from the litter. This could be associated with lower quality of eggshell in this type of housing.
In the experiment 3, the effect of different housing system (enriched cage, free range) on technological quality of eggs, microbial contamination of the eggshell, egg content and concentration of protein in albumen during storage was observed. The housing system affected all characteristics of eggshell quality with higher values in cage system. Higher number of pores in eggshell was found in free range. The important relationship between housing system and storage time was indicated in Haugh unit, albumen index, pH albumen and yolk index. The values for characteristics quality of albumen and yolk were better in eggs from cages. Their quality during storage decreased faster in alternative housing systems. There was detected interaction between housing system and storage time also in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and total number of microorganisms. The highest microbial contamination in fresh eggs was found in free range. The number of microorganisms with storage time significantly decreased faster in eggs from cage system. The penetration of Escherichia coli and total number of microorganisms in albumen was lower in eggs from cage compared to free range. The significant effect of housing system was found in concentration of lysozyme in albumen with higher values in egg from free range. It is obvious that a better quality of the eggs is in the cage housing system. The eggs from this type of housing also remain during storage for longer time in better quality compared with alternative housing systems.
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The role of immune cells in tumor growth and spontaneous regression in a rat sarcoma model
Kovalská, Jana ; Chmelíková, Eva (advisor) ; Anna, Anna (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to study differences between sexes of rats in tumour growth, the difference in immune response between rats with progressing and spontaneously regressing tumours compared to control rats and verification of immunological memory. We used Lewis rat model with subcutaneously inoculated sarcoma. Peripheral blood of males showed a higher number of red blood cells, a higher concentration of haemoglobin and higher haematocrit compared to females. Experimental females with inoculated sarcoma had higher levels of CD161 (NK) cells at the beginning of experiment in comparison with the experimental and control males and control females. A strong infiltration of NK cells was observed in tissue sections of spontaneously regressing sarcoma compared to progressing tumours tissue. Important factors that can influence if the animal will show tumour progression or spontaneous regression are neutrophil granulocytes (they can induce both tumour-supporting and anti-tumour response), vascularization and extent of necrosis in tumour tissue. We have verified immunological memory in a small group of females by the secondary inoculations of the same tumour cells after complete disappearance of primary, spontaneously regressing tumour. No sarcoma repeatedly evolved in any of the females. Results obtained in the present work brought new insights into the problems of tumour in the Lewis rat sarcoma model with inoculated sarcoma. These results may have significance also for area of clinical oncology due to similarities with the behaviour of some human cancers.
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