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Czech kurzarbeit: evidence from the first pandemic wave
Jurajda, Štěpán ; Doleželová, P.
We describe the firm-type structure of the use of the main Czech kurzarbeit program (called Antivirus B) during the spring 2020 pandemic wave. Evidence based on the Structure of Earnings Survey shows large participation gaps in favor of large employers, and disproportionately high intensity of use of the program by manufacturing companies, in particular those exhibiting a declining wage bill already prior to the pandemic. Compared to other industries, manufacturing is thus able to ‘cover’ by kurzarbeit support the largest share of the decline in hours worked between the 2nd quarters of 2019 and 2020, with the exception of the hospitality and culture industries, which were directly affected by pandemic measures, such as restaurant closures.
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The relationship between financial access and growth of SMEs in emerging markets
Zhao, Lulu ; Svoboda, Karel (advisor) ; Korosteleva, Julia (referee) ; Cibulková, Petra (referee)
By using the cross-sectional data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, this dissertation selects a sample of over 3000 firms from 16 Central and Eastern European countries during the 2008 financial crisis, to assess (1) How effective priori classifications are to identify financially constrained and unconstrained firms in times of economic recession (2) What the main robust determinants are at the firm and country-level that affect SMEs' degree of financing obstacles (3) What experiences and lessons we can learn from 2008 crisis to combat with 2020 and future emerging recession. Our evidence indicates that during the economic crisis happened in 2008, size, industry, ownership and EU dummy are useful priori classifications while distinguishing firms' different degree to financing troubles, although some of other priori classifications appeared on other literature are ineffective. Smaller firms, foreign-owned and firms in manufacturing are more likely to report the financing trouble and have less access to formal sources of finance. However, government-owned firms and firms with adequate educated workers are less likely to be financially constraint. The result confirms that economic freedom, financial market and trade integration all have a significant relationship with SMEs' access to finance. For...
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Evaluation of State Response to COVID-19 Epidemic - Our Society - Special - February 2021
Červenka, Jan
Only a relative majority of Czech citizens, at a level of just over two-fifths, evaluate what the Czech state has done against the spread of coronavirus as appropriate, and a little more than a third consider measures to support the economy to be appropriate. Compared to December 2020, the assessment of the state's response to the pandemic has deteriorated significantly, especially when assessing the adequacy and effectiveness of measures against the spread of coronavirus.
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The New Coronavirus - concerns, media, information and narratives - Our Society - February 2021
Spurný, Martin
In connection with the spread of a new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, more than four-fifths of Czech citizens over the age of 18 fear limited health care restrictions for patients with diseases other than COVID-19 (85%), deteriorating economic situation in the Czech Republic (83%) and the health of their loved ones (81%). Compared to the last survey in December 2020, citizens' concerns about the insufficient capacity of hospitals, which were feared by approximately two-thirds (67%) of the population in February, have risen significantly, by twenty percentage points.
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COVID 19 and the Financial Situation of Households and the Impact on Employment - Our Society - special - February 2021
Tuček, Milan
Two-thirds of respondents (67%) said their household incomes remained the same during the COVID-19 pandemic, with more than a quarter (28%) saying they had fallen, of which 8% significantly. In 5% of households, income increased. The resulting findings are practically the same during a pandemic. Almost three-fifths of households said that they could manage on finances for more than half a year in the current situation. 4% of households no longer come up with finances, another 6% would last a maximum of a month. The financial rating has changed significantly since December in favor of an optimistic view.
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The New Coronavirus - concerns, media and information - Our Society - December 2020
Spurný, Martin
In its special research, the Public Opinion Research Center focused on concerns about the spread of coronavirus, how Czech citizens orientate themselves in information about a new type of coronavirus, and also how often they follow information about it in the media. In connection with the spread of a new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, four-fifths (80%) of Czech citizens fear the deterioration of the economic situation in the Czech Republic, a comparable proportion (76%) are concerned about the health of their loved ones, on the contrary people are least worried about supply collapses (29%) and then about insufficient hospital capacity (47%).
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The different economic effects of the Covid-19 crisis on women and men in the Czech Republic
Menzel, Andreas ; Miotto, Martina
Women are very likely economically and socially affected harder by the Covid-19 crisis for at least three reasons. They are disproportionally employed in sectors affected harder by Covid-19 related lock-downs (tourism, hospitality, retail, services). They are likely to shoulder more of the additional child-care needs due to the closing of schools and child-care facilities. They are more likely to be victims of domestic violence, with many indicators pointing towards an increase in domestic violence due to the lock-down.
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Using Bluetooth technology for COVID-19 contact tracing
Jann, Ole ; Kocourek, Pavel ; Steiner, Jakub
The coronavirus is transmitted indiscriminately through proximity, which makes tracing infections difficult. Bluetooth tracing apps can reliably record transmission possibilities even when the participants do not know each other and do not remember the interaction. This can be done with a high degree of privacy. A well-designed app provides a similar level of privacy to not using an app at all. Decentralized data storage means that the privacy and security of the system is highly resilient against exploitation by any powerful actor (such as a government). A disadvantage of protecting privacy through decentralization is that tracing apps need to be taken up by the population one person at a time. Their use cannot be checked remotely and hence cannot be effectively mandated by governments or health authorities. A very high degree of take-up is necessary to make them an effective weapon against the virus. The eRouška app by COVID19cz follows these principles and offers a very high degree of privacy protection. Specifically, it does not collect any data except the phone numbers of non-infected users, and only collects anonymized meeting data (and no location or other metadata) of infected users – this data is only available to a hygienist after voluntary data transmission by the user. No data is transmitted to the server without explicit user agreement.
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