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Perception of the Object or Seeing the Thing?
Vávrová, Věra ; Benyovszky, Ladislav (advisor) ; Pětová, Marie (referee)
The thesis follows the development of the As-Structure as it is presented in Heidegger's Logic (GA 21) and shows that this abstract structure has been developed based on Brentano's Psychology 1 and Husserl's Logical Investigations. I describe how the As-Structure develops from the Brentano's distinction of physical and mental phenomena. The mental phenomena represent the basic sphere of our recognition, and the knowledge of the object as it is immanent to them. The object represents a stable counterpart to the course of experience (Objekt - Erlebnis relation). Therefore, only in the mental phenomena the object is being experienced just as it appears. This is the standpoint of Brentano, and it is adopted by Husserl who explicitly divides the structure of an intentional act into its constituents; the meant and the given. The object is accomplished when it is carried out by the intentional act. When the relation between the meant and the given is fully congruent, the given is given just as it is meant. Heidegger elaborates on this given as meant structure by transferring it outside the sphere of consciousness. He claims that the As-structure is the abstract constitutive element of the relation between the human (Dasein) and the thing; what is being encountered in the world is always given as something...
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Shoes in van Gogh's oeuvre New interpretationes from Derrida to present day
Zachariáš, Jan ; Konečný, Lubomír (advisor) ; Prahl, Roman (referee)
Resumé Presented thesis is dedicated to specific problems of van Gogh's art. In the first chapters I investigate Heidegger's philosophy of art and his philosophical interpretation of van Gogh's painting Old shoes. Second chapter is dedicated to the critical reaction of distinguished art-historian Meyer Schapiro. Schapiro wrote two short texts, where he attacked Heidegger's way of interpretation of the painting. But Schapiro did not take into account Heidegger's philosophical arguments and completely misunderstood Heidegger's essay. Third chapter is dedicated to the "conclusion" of the conflict of interpretations. In late seventies French philosopher Jacques Derrida published an article (Restitutions), which deals with previous contributions. Derrida seriously attempted to investigate philosophical principals of Heidegger and Schapiro and he suggested, that both authors have the same tendency to appropriate the shoes to some person, in Heidegger's case to peasant woman in that of Schapiro to van Gogh. Derrida tried to leave the "theory of appropriation" by saying that the shoes belong to the painting. I also added two appendices dedicated to specific problems of van Gogh's painting. In first appendix I investigated the role of synthesis of painting and drawing in van Gogh. In second appendix I trace the...
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Boredom as a sociological problem
Hochmuthová, Terézia ; Maršálek, Jan (advisor) ; Balon, Jan (referee)
Contemporary society perceives boredom largely as a normal part of everyday life. Nevertheless, academic discourse has not come to an agreement on its interpretation. The researchers differ on two main points: first, whether boredom is universal or historically developed phenomenon, and second, whether it is an individual or the external conditions, who is more responsible for the emergence of boredom. This paper reflects on these conceptual difficulties and attempts to elude them by suggesting an alternative, sociologically relevant approach. A new sociological concept of the phenomenon is introduced, based on Martin Heidegger's conceptualization of boredom. Boredom is thereby understood as a specific way, in which individual relates to his/her social environment and its objects. In order to avoid epistemological dilemmas resulting from an imbalanced account, which puts too much emphasis either on subject or its environment, the concept situates boredom's origin and actuation onto the level where subject and its environment meet. The theoretical part of the text is followed by an empirical one, which uses the concept to interpret a specific segment of tourism: organized holidays. This particular model, constructed and offered by travel agencies as a complex product, is understood here as an...
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Critique of positivism in social sciences
Janas, Martin ; Holeček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Balon, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to present a critique of positivism in social sciences. The first chapter is devoted to a presentation of what positivism is. We also learn that positivism is closely related to neopositivism and that in many definitons of these words, the word "metaphysics" appears. Second chapter is devoted to Peter Winch's book The idea of a social science and its relation to philosophy. Analysis of this book is presented and we are shown many dangers of positivistic approach regarding the investigation of society. A concept of understanding a society is introduced, which is based on understanding given society's rules. Third chapter presents philosophy of sicence from Martin Heidegger. First, the notion of "metaphysics" is explained. Then we move onto the explanation of the meaing of science and technology in modern society. At the end of the thesis, we are presented with a short comparison of Winch's and Heidegger's philosophy. Conclusion includes new possible routes that sociology could take.
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Humanity and animality between Heidegger and Derrida
Trnka, Jaroslav ; Koubová, Alice (advisor) ; Michálek, Jiří (referee) ; Chvatík, Ivan (referee)
This work deals with the difference between man and animal in the context of the theme of time as treated by Heidegger and Derrida. The starting point of the work is the critique of early Heidegger and his characterization of animal as poor in world. This critique targets his thinking of time and possibility. As first two chapters try to show, despite his basic emphasis on time and on the possibility character of human being, Heidegger still thinks time on the basis of presence and possibility on the basis of reality. Only after taking this step can he think animal privatively as meaningless or poor - in a certain absence of time. This critique results in looking for a more consistent thinking of time and possibility as a way to a more welcoming thinking of animal. The third chapter is concerned with Derrida's objections to searching for other time and it maps the main problems connected with this project of Heidegger. The next three chapters present the main analysis of Heidegger's later thought of time. The differences between his late and early thought are emphasized as the differences between his late speech Time and Being and the early work Being and Time. Heidegger in his later works explores the unity of the three-dimensional time and bewares to think it as presence. The ground of the unity...
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Martin Heidegger: Man, World and Space
Kocman, Vojtěch ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
5 Abstract This essay presents an attempt to interpret the key moments of Heidegger's conception of spaciousness. Considering the fact, that Heidegger didn't publish his understanding of spaciousness in any systematic form, it is necessary to work with a great amount of primary texts often available only in a fragmentary shape. Another difficulty is given by the author's use of language, which requires very demanding translations; we always translate the source texts in this paper. Within his conception termed as the topology of being Heidegger attempts to think about the space not as a measurable quantity, but in correlation with the Greek concept of τόπος, i.e. the qualitatively determined place. This essay concentrates on Heidegger's early work as well as on his late period, during which the topological thinking plays a central role; it also tries to identify the connection between them. The understanding of thinking as a way is essential, as well as the connection of thinking and poetry and the relation between space and time, which are considered of equal value in Heidegger's late work. Merely outlined remain other directions, which may be taken by further research within Heidegger's concept of spaciousness: the critique of the contemporary way of the uncovering of the world, the deepened relation with...
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