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Journalist's freedom of expression in the light of European convention on human rights and case law of European court of human rights
Lopour, Martin ; Balaš, Vladimír (referee) ; Hubálková, Eva (referee)
114 6. Summary "Freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individual's self-fulfilment."320 A journalist is a person who tests the above mentioned statement through his work almost every day. "Although journalists, or the media for that matter, are not mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which is devoted to freedom of expression, a great deal of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights concerns journalists and the proper functioning of the mass media. Media professionals are typically the main beneficiaries of a liberal freedom of expression regime. When States decide to clamp down on freedom of expression the journalists are the first to be affected. In this body of case-law the Court has laid down several principles that apply in cases concerning journalists and the media."321 This thesis entitled Journalists' Freedom of Expression in the Light of European Convention on Human Rights322 and Case Law of European Court of Human Rights323 reacts on fact that this subject-matter has not been so far systematically analysed in Czech written literature. The intention of this paper was to fulfill the gap because it is undisputed that journalists'...
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The importance of milk and diary products in human nutrition
Maroušková, Nela ; Hejtmánková, Alena (advisor) ; Michlová, Tereza (referee)
Milk and dairy products become integral part of human nutrition and belong to common food. Milk is very valuable because it contains complete proteins. Its disaccharide lactose is a source of energy. Butterfat is easily digestible. Besides potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine and sulfur milk contains also dietary elements like calcium and phosphorus.
Milk also contains many trace elements like iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, manganese, fluorine, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum. Milk is an important source of vitamins. It contains significant amounts of water soluble B and C vitamins alongside fat soluble vitamins E and A and smaller amounts of vitamins K and D.
Milk and dairy products are an important source of calcium. Lack of calcium is the main cause of osteoporosis. Regular consumption of milk and dairy products may reduce the risk of cancer. Nevertheless disproportionate consumption of dairy products containing unsaturated fats can lead to higher incidence of certain types of cancer, higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Milk contains also compounds that prevent aforementioned diseases.
Milk is the only source of nutrients for newborn children and suckled infants. It is convenient source of nutrients in times of higher nutrient demands especially during pregnancy, nursing and senescence.
Milk, milk cream, fermented milk products, buttermilk, cheese, whey, curd cheese, whey proteins, frozen creams, cream, condensed and powdered milk belong to most important products. Fermented milk products are very beneficial to human health. Those products are sources of complete proteins, calcium, phosphor and vitamins, especially B vitamins. Lactose is decreased making fermented milk suitable for lactose-intolerant subjects. The fermentation process increases the shelf-life of the product while improving the digestibility and microbiological safety.
Milk and dairy products consumption can also have negative impact on human health. Lactase deficiency or lactase insufficient activity in small intestine results in lactose intolerance. Milk can also cause food allergy to the cow's milk.
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The impact of agricultural and anthropogenic activities on Lhotický and Vitický stream in the watershed of the river Želivka
Jakešová, Helena ; Charvátová, Helena (advisor) ; Petrů, Anita (referee)
Every small watercourse is part of the balance in nature. Human activity affects the quality and the physico chemical composition of water. Man is changing riverbeds and hydrological conditions of the environment. This bachelor thesis evaluates the chemical composition of experimental flows of the Lhotický stream and the Vitický stream of the Želivka river basin in the Křemešník Highlands. Doing field research, monitoring and evaluating the results of water samples is carried out to find the influence of human activities on the quality and composition of water. The area is anthropogenically influenced mainly by sewage water in the municipalities where sewage treatment plants are missing. Agricultural activity causes contamination along the entire length of the flow. The streams do not have a treated bed, overflowing is possible in numerous floodplains, the impact of pollution is mitigated by riparian vegetation.The monitored indicators rank the experimental flows into the lowest class. In the area, maintaining a healthy ecosystem is possible.
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Universality and relativity of human rights from the perspective of Islam - case study of Saudi Arabia
Tošovská, Lucie ; Zemanová, Štěpánka (advisor) ; Novotná, Yvona (referee)
In my diploma thesis I focused on human rights in Islam from the universal and the culture comparative point of view. A goal of my work was to find out, whether it is possible to justify the human rights abuses under the terms of concept of cultural relativism in the Islamic civilisation. The thesis should answer a question if it is possible to apply the principles of cultural relativism in case of human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia. This was achieved by analyzing the most important international and regional tools for human rights protection. The thesis is divided into three chapters, which are dedicating to this issue.
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Freedom of religion and the protection of human rights in the European Union - contribution of the Holy See
Vokál, Jan ; Tretera, Jiří Rajmund (referee) ; Reschová, Jana (referee)
198 Resumé in English Freedom of religion and the protection of human rights in the European Union - contribution of the Holy See The aim of the present dissertation is to analyze and summarize the situation in the European Union regarding the guarantee of human rights, with particular reference to religious freedom, without, however, dealing directly with the relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human rights (ECHR, Strasbourg) or of the European Court of Justice (ECJ, Luxembourg). For this purpose, the necessary information has been assembled for a complete overview of the social, political, cultural, religious and juridical conditions of European society. The sources used are principally official documents of the European Union, the United Nations and the Holy See, as well as numerous detailed studies of the individual themes under consideration, of a historical, economic, linguistic, religious and juridical character. In the search for information, the internet has also been used, but always on condition that the source is sufficiently authoritative, e.g. the websites of official European Union institutions or of the Holy See, of universities or of State statistical agencies. CHAPTER I - The contemporary relevance of the religious question in Europe The first step is a chronological sketch of...
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The Legal Aspects of Mandatory Vaccination and its European Context
Mrklasová, Marta ; Vavrečka, Jan (advisor) ; Grmelová, Nicole (referee)
The diploma thesis regarding The Legal Aspects of Mandatory Vaccination and its European Context was created in order to map the legal regulations of mandatory vaccination in the Czech Republic and to describe the repressions of unvaccinated children in the Czech Republic and in other member states of the European Union. Part of the thesis consists of a jurisprudence research of The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, The European Court of Human Rights and The Court of Justice of the European Union related to the field of mandatory vaccination. Special focus is given to the comparison of the number of mandatory vaccinations in the member states of European Union as well as to the comparison of their legislations. The fundamental question reflected in the diploma thesis is the one of the human rights of individuals guaranteed by the European Union, international conventions and national legislations of the states and the possibility for them to be limited in order to protect the public health. In the thesis, there are listed and described the human rights affected by the whole concept of vaccination and also the conditions that have to be fulfilled in order to allow the human rights to be restricted. For this purpose the cases from legal practise serve as a support. In addition, there is a chapter regarding the promotion of newly developed vaccines for voluntary vaccinations, which reveals the marketing tools used for this purpose. For a better understanding of the field of mandatory vaccination, there is included a chapter titled The Insight of Expertise Necessary for the Interpretation and Application of Law. This chapter completes the aspects of mandatory vaccination from the medical point of view, lists the mandatory vaccinations in the Czech Republic and member states of the European Union and the vaccines used for performing the vaccinations. Keywords: human rights, mandatory vaccination, jurisprudence of The European Court of Human Rights and The Court of Justice of the European Union, repressions of unvaccinated children
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Successful Campaigns in the Pursuit of Human Rights
Kalousková, Lucie ; Mikeš, Jiří (advisor) ; Kultová, Dana (referee)
The importance of NGOs has been on the rise since the World War II. Amnesty International is one the best-known human rights nongovernmental organizations which has been globally successful in human rights agenda setting. This Diploma thesis analyzes the common features of three selected successful Amnesty International campaigns and aims to determine key attributes that can help to reach the goals of human rights campaigns.
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Molecular dynamics simulations of complexes consisting of proteins and nucleic acids
Hammer, Jiří ; Barvík, Ivan (advisor) ; Obšil, Tomáš (referee)
The goal of this diploma thesis was to study interactions of Argonaute (Ago) protein in a complex with nucleic acids. Based on the available crystal structures of full length Argonaute (from A. aeolicus, Aa-Ago) and/or its domains (human PAZ domain, Hs-PAZ), twelve different simulations were computed. Two initial simulations used model of Aa-Ago with either a duplex of DNA/RNA or RNA/RNA. Major difference was in behavior of the PAZ domain (especially its arginine residues), which tolerated the guide DNA in one simulation, but was disturbing the RNA guide strand in the second. Such an interaction could serve as a mechanism of the substrate recognition. In additional simulations (3-9) employing the Hs-PAZ domain, where no disturbance was found in the DNA/RNA hetero-duplex. Different arrangements of the active site geometry as well as empirical parameterizations of Mg2+ ion were probed and analyzed. The DD-catalytic motif plus D683 in Aa-Ago (equivalent to H807 in human Argonaute2) was observed to coordinate the Mg2+ ion in one and two metal ion dependent catalysis models. Highly conserved R570 and E578 created mutual hydrogen bonds and hence stabilized the active site. To make the cleavage irreversible, a role for the first (unpaired) nucleotide from 5'-end of the guide strand was suggested. It lies in a...
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Interspecies Comparison of Plasma Protein Binding of Recently Prepared Radopharmaceuticals
Drymlová, Petra ; Lázníček, Milan (advisor) ; Trejtnar, František (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Petra Drymlová Consultant: Prof. PharmDr. Ing. Milan Lázníček, CSc Title of thesis: Interspecies comparison of plasma protein binding of recently prepared radiopharmaceuticals. Plasma protein binding is one of the parameters, which significantly influence pharmacokinetics of drug. The aim of this thesis was to determine binding of three potential radiopharmaceuticals to the proteins of human, bovine, rabit and rat plasma by the method of equilibrium dialysis at 37řC. Concretely these compounds were bifunctional chelating agent 111In-DTPA-oxn, the derivative of commonly used chelate DTPA, and two labelled receptor specific peptides- somatostatin analog 177Lu-DOTA-NOC and gastrin derivative 111In-DOTA-MG-1. The results shows that plasma protein binding of 111In-DTPA-oxn is very low and pharmacokinetically unimportant as at the standard compound 111In-DTPA. Plasma protein binding of somatostatin derivative 177In-DOTA-NOC is between 30,0- 41,4 % and increases in order: bovine < rabbit < human < rat plasma. Statistically significant difference to human plasma was found only at bovine plasma. Plasma protein binding of peptide 111In- DOTA-MG-1 was found very low and in spite of...
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Climatic Changes After The Eruption of Tambora in 1815
Zhao, Shuran ; Soukupová, Jana (advisor) ; Bašta, Petr (referee)
Volcanic activities belongs to the most common natural events on this planet. They are as old as our planet. Some volcanoes have very long life cycle, their interval of eruptions can be up to tens or hundreds of thousands years. In general, the long interval the large eruption. The super-eruptions on VEI 8 are able to destroy the whole human civilization on the world. Fortunately this kind of eruptions is very rare from the human perspective.
Other weaker eruptions happen more frequently. Human civilization experienced an eruption of VEI 7 in 1815, which was the biggest eruption during last 10 000 years and led to global cooling and famine. That was the biggest volcanic eruption in human history, eruption of volcano Tambora in 1815.
Tambora during its eruption released a tremendous amount of magma and volcanic gases. It has been unsurpassed till now. It had severe consequences, many people were killed by the eruption but even more people died as a result of diseases or starvation related to eruption. In next 2 to 3 years after eruption, Northern Hemisphere was in an unstable condition. A huge amount of volcanic gases and ash released by this eruption was transported into stratosphere that led to global cooling. Just the cooling destroyed many fields and killed lots of people. So that year 1816 get a name as year without summer. In my work I collected information and data of weather during 1815 to 1817 around Northern Hemisphere to compare them and to find out whether the eruption changed the climate after 1815. Many sources recorded an unusual weather in North America, Asia and Europe. In these years, it was always cloudy and persistently rained. The Czech lands were also affected by this eruption. Many Czech sources recorded cold weather in 1815-1817 that related with widespread rise in price of agricultural products. It undoubtedly worsened the already grave situation.
Such these eruptions are big threat to human civilization. We cannot avoid them, but we can reduce the consequences to a minimum by monitoring volcanoes and their activities.
The aim of this work is describe the climatic changes accompanied with the big volcanic eruption of 1815 and its consequences. I am trying to restoring the details of volcanic eruption. My aim is to draw attention to the danger of volcanic activity and the importance of monitoring volcanoes.
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