|
Influence of term of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) desiccation on yield and seed quality
Rajtmajer, Stanislav ; Bečka, David (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Rapeseed is the world's third most important oil plant (the second seminal). It is the most cultivation and most important oil plant in Czech Republic. Winter rapeseed reaches about 85% of the harvest area of oilseeds in the country. The desiccation of oilseed crop is sphere of agricultural engineering, which is still worth discussing. The main problems are how to use the product, what dose and which dates to choose to desiccate. The results of this thesis could help to partially clarify this complex issue.
The aim of the thesis is to observe the effect of different terms oilseed rape desiccation by glyphosate on yield and seed quality.
Small-plot experiments to investigate the influence of the term desiccation of winter rapeseed were established in the years 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 on the lands of the experimental station of the Czech Agricultural University, Faculty of Agronomy Food and Natural Resources at the Červený Újezd.
In the first experimental year 2013/2014 was founded five variants in three replications (including undesiccated control). In the year 2014/2015 was founded seven variants in four replicates (including undesiccated controls). In the first experimental year was the first term desiccation 16. 6. 2014, the second year 8. 6. 2015. Subsequent periods of desiccation were a week apart.
The variety of winter rapeseed used for the experiments was a hybrid variety Rohan. The desiccating agent was used Dominator active substance glyphosate. The dose of
4 l / ha + 200 l H2O.
For all samples, both experimental, years yield was determined, the weight of a thousand seeds and oiliness. For desiccated variants were carried out pre-harvest analysis for the determination of solids in pods. Further, all harvested samples taken for laboratory germination test (Determination of germination) ISTA according to the methodology. The results of the experiment sprouting were statistically analyzed using ANOVA analysis of variance. Differences between mean values were evaluated by Tukey test, the computer program SAS at a significance level of p = 0.05.
Effect of desiccation term influences of winter oilseed rape seed quality in terms of weight and thousands of seeds in terms of oil content. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) HTS reduced by 7-17% and the oil content of 2-4% of the overall average. Oiliness of the observed characters minimum interference term desiccation. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased oiliness of 1-6%.
Influence term desiccation oilseed rape also greatly influences seed yield.
Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) reduced the yield by 11-14%. Undesiccated control in both years achieved the highest yields, increase yield by 5-12%. Desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) increased the yield of attempts by 5-6%.
The term desiccation of winter rapeseed, also significantly affects the vitality of seeds, where very reduces energy germinating seedlings in the first days. The term desiccation, however, does not affect overall seed germination. Too early desiccation (46 to 39 days before harvest) EK2 decreased by 12-40%, EK3 decreased by 4-24%, 3-4% EK4 and extended MGT of 7-15%. In the first experimental year was the most vital option undesiccated control (EK2 = 50.4% = 91.3% EK3, EK4 = 97.9%). In the second experimental year was the most vital seeds of the optimal term desiccation, (Sixth term, 17 days before harvest) = 68.9% EK2, EK3 = 98.2%, EK4 = 100%. Seed samples of 2014/15 had a higher overall vitality of seeds, than samples from 2013/14, the overall vitality is probably worse given year old and transsilaged seed.
The results of the two-year experiment that term desiccation affects the quality of seeds, the yield of seeds and vitality of seeds. Pre-analysis was determined optimum solids content in siliques desiccated samples to values of 40-50%. Like most technology seems to desiccation in the optimum date (17 days before harvest) and agro technology without desiccated vegetation. As the least appropriate technology seems very early desiccation (46 to 30 days before harvest).
The first scientific hypothesis: Premature desiccation reduces seed yield, oil content and HTS. Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.
The second scientific hypothesis: Desiccation made in the correct term do not affect the quality of the seeds (oiliness and HTS). Yes, the hypothesis was confirmed.
|
|
Trend of beer trade
Kolář, Petr ; Šánová, Petra (advisor) ; Markéta, Markéta (referee)
Thesis The beer trade trends identifies variables which have an impact on the consumption of beer and predicts the trend of trade in beer in the Czech Republic in the globalization context. To achieve the results was used linear econometric model. Using the Method of least squares determined the size and direction of individual variables for beer consumption. Based on the verified model is a model applicated and based on software Gretl is predicted the beer consumption for a period of 3 years. The biggest influence on beer consumption has production, nominal wages (adjusted for inflation), and the impact of the economic crisis. The prediction is dependent on the lingering economic crisis, beceause the predicted values for 2015 are higher than beer consumption in the same year by 3 litres. The lingering economic crisis has an impact in 2015 on the consumption of beer and during 2016 this dependence should disappear. Trend beer consumption is rising to the level of 146 l per person per year.
|
|
Change trajectories of wetlands in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic
Richter, Pavel ; Skaloš, Jan (advisor) ; Dagmar, Dagmar (referee)
Wetland habitats are of great multifunctional importance in landscape. In particular, they have the capacity to retain water during its surplus and then in the dry season to release the water. In this work the dynamics of change in wetlands coverage was analyzed, including the representation structure of different categories of wetlands over the past 180 years in the landscape of lowlands and uplands in the Czech Republic. The historical maps of Stable Cadastre, current orthophoto and current GIS layers of localization and classification of different types of land use/cover and landscape types were used as data sources. The area of wetlands has dramatically decreased from 5 762 hectares in the period 1825-1843 (more than 9.5 % of the area) to 54 hectares in 2014 (0.9 %). Based on the study of available documents three types of wetland habitats were classified: wet meadows, wet meadows with trees and swamps . Although, the most of the historic wetlands were constituted of wet meadows (89 %) these days the swamps (48 %) form the largest part of the wetlands. Half of the historic wetlands were transformed to arable land because of increasing production of agriculture. According to the evaluation of monitored changes by predictors it was found that more pressure on the degradation of wetlands was in the areas with more suitable climatic conditions for agriculture (e.g. The Danube basin, Moravia, soil types in the lowlands, Corn agricultural production area etc.). In these areas the swamps were formed as new wetlands in places of historical watercourses localization more significantly than elsewhere in monitored area. The aim of this work was also to describe the main driving forces and pressures that have influenced the changes in wetlands. The outcome of the paper can be used in landscape planning with regard to the protection and management of wetlands.
|
|
Genetic Diversity of Semi-captive Population of Western Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus) in Senegal and Phylogenetical Relationships between Western Derby Eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant Eland (T. d. gigas)
Zemanová, Hana ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Jarmila, Jarmila (referee)
Representatives of family Bovidae are subjects of many studies concerning with their phylogeny, phylogeography, time of divergence or genetic diversity. Taxonomy is solved by comparison of morphological characteristics or by genetic approaches, genetic diversity could be solved by pedigree or by genetic analyses too. Tragelaphinae number nine species of two genera, Tragelaphus sp. and Taurotragus sp. The antelopes of the genus Taurotragus (T. derbianus and T. oryx) belong to the largest antelopes of the world. Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus) has two subspecies, Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) and Eastern Giant eland (T. d. gigas), which are distinguished on the basis of morphological characteristics. Western subspecies (T. d. derbianus) is classified as critically endangered. There lives the only population in Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal, which numbers fewer than 200 individuals. For the conservation, the semi-captive breeding programme has been established in 2000. It was created by six founders (one male and five females), which are presumed to be non-related. The population within this programme had 95 living individuals in 2013, living in seven herds in Bandia and Fathala reserves in Senegal. The population is under breeding management, which efforts to minimize kinship of the individuals. Studbook was established for the Western Derby eland (T. d. derbianus) in 2008 and is published annually. It acts about small population with low number of founders and no gene flow, which is threatened by inbreeding and genetic drift. Genetic diversity of the population was evaluated by means of microsatellite markers and the results were compared with the results of pedigree analysis. Pedigree analysis showed the highest genetic diversity in the generation of founders (FOUNDERS). It decreased in the generation of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 1; born in season 2007/2008), due to the fact, that the only male took part in the reproduction. And it increased again in the generation of offspring of founders' offspring (OFFSPRING 2; born in the season 2009/2010), because more individuals were included into the reproduction. Fifteen individuals and five polymorphic microsatellite loci (from the total number of 13 tested loci) were chosen for the genetic study. The parameters of genetic diversity (HE and HO, Ar and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and FIS and FST) were evaluated. Not any deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found out. The results of genetic analysis confirmed the highest genetic diversity in the population of founders (Ar = 2.79; HE = 0.664; HO = 0.750; FIS = --0.154). In both generations of offspring values of allelic richness and observed and expected heterozygosity decreased (Ar = 2.15; HO = 0.580; HE = 0.586 in OFFSPRING 1 and Ar = 2.14; HO = 0.370; HE = 0.480 in OFFSPRING 2). Contrary to the results of pedigree analysis, there was not been observed any improvement in OFFSPRING 2. The resultant values of genetic diversity parameters were quite satisfactory, despite of the low number of founders and mating of related individuals.
|
|
Biotransfer of selected risk metals into plants and their accumulation and distribution in plant organs
Le Minh, Phuong ; Lachman, Jaromír (advisor)
Contamination of soils with heavy metals is one of the serious environmental problems threatening human being. Heavy metals are considered as the special hazard of soil pollutants because of the adverse effects on the plant growth, the amount, activity of useful microorganisms in soils and the quality of food. Regard to the persistent and toxicity, the heavy metals are toxic when we consider different kinds of pollutants in soils. In the soil, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) toxicities frequently occur than the other metals because of their precipitation and sorption by the soil. It is a very dangerous situation because when these metals are taken up by plants, they can be transported to the food web and food chains.
In the present study, the accumulation of four heavy metals (mercury, zinc, lead and cadmium) in the whole grain of spring accessions of emmer, einkorn and common spring wheat cultivars and potato (Solanum tuberosum) is reported. Heavy and essential elements were monitored in potato cultivars in the exact field experiments and in hydroponically grown plants. The elements were determined by methods FAAS, ET AAS, and AMA (Advance Mercury Analysis). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 9.0 with the Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test (alpha equal to 0.05).
In our study, the concentration of heavy metals decreased in the order zinc (Zn) > lead (Pb) > cadmium (Cd) > mercury (Hg) in the wheat grain. The comparison between three varieties of investigated wheat revealed that the emmer wheat was rich in zinc content (62.12 mg kg-1 dry matter), while the spring wheat had the lowest average concentration of zinc in the grain (40.99 mg kg-1 dry matter). Generally, the values of lead concentration in grain wheat varieties were low (ranging from 0.1268 mg kg-1 dry matter to 0.2950 mg kg-1 dry matter).
The concentrations of mercury in four typical growth stages of wheat (boot stage 10, heading stage 10.2 1/4 of head emerged, leaf-stage 10.2 and stage ripening 11 according to Feekes) were also determined. It has been shown that the concentrations of mercury in different wheat varieties were absorbed differently at different growth stages of plant. Stage 10.2 and leaf stage 10.2 showed the high mercury content (0.0152 mg kg-1 dry matter and 0.0214 mg kg-1 dry matter, respectively). Among individual varieties significant differences were determined.
Amounts of toxic and potentially toxic elements detected in investigated potato tubers are characterized by a large variability within investigated groups. Performing statistical analysis (one way ANOVA) showed that there were no significant differences between two investigated groups of samples (samples from Uhříněves and Valečov in the year 2013 and 2014) considering either one of investigated metals. Measurable levels of mercury were found in smallest amounts in all investigated potato samples comparing to other metals (Cd, Pb).
Plant cells compared to animal cells are characterized by the formation of cell walls. Plasma membrane or cell membrane is a biological active membrane separating the interior of cell from the outside environment. An adjusted method for isolation of protoplasts was developed and adapted for isolation of protoplasts from plant material (potatoes). In our experiment, the plants were grown hydroponically in the Research Institute of Plant Crops Prague-Ruzyně. If we examine the plant membrane, one option is to remove the cell wall by means of special mixture enzymes. Protoplasts were released in the dark at 25 degrees of Celsius for 18 hours. The 70 and 90 microns sieve was used to filter and then centrifugation for 5 minutes at 100 x g. All the steps were carefully carried out to prevent the damage or breakage of protoplasts.
|
|
Testing of bioeffectors on phosphorus mobility in soils
Holečková, Zlata ; Balík, Jiří (advisor)
Crave for increase in agricultural production over the past sixty years reflects in widespread use of mineral fertilizers. Due to the growth of the world population an increase of overall demand for feed and food is expected. Limited availability of cultivatable soil and increasing dependance on mineral fertilizers can be also anticipated. It is therefore important to find alternative strategies for plant nutrition. In 2012, the project of cooperation between several universities in Europe was revealed. This project examines the use of bioeffectors in crop production. Use of these substances should help to reduce the input of mineral fertilizers used in agriculture and improve land usage. Thesis will perform testing in real conditions of different geographic locations. The main objective is to develop new approaches to the use of so-called bioeffectors based on the mechanism of action of living microorganisms and active natural substances. Bioeffectors may be, depending on soil and climatic conditions, a key factor for overcoming limitations in the availability of nutrients. They can contain microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) and active natural compounds (digest from soil or compost, microbial residues, plant extracts, metabolites from biological processes, dried herb material or seaweed). These substances are developed for a wide variety of crops (e.g. corn, wheat and tomatoes). Their effectiveness consists in nutrients mobilization from less accessible forms in the soil. The thesis is mainly focused on the impact of bioeffectors on various forms of phosphorus in the soil. Phosphorus in the soil belongs to essential elements necessary for the growth and development of plants. Despite its necessity in plant metabolism is its content in the soil relatively low. A higher phosphorus content is in most samples of soil mainly in the surface area because an increased biological activity occurs there causing the accumulation of organic material. Some influence can be also observed in connection with application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Amount of phosphorus in soil may vary depending on parental rock type, texture and land management (the ratio of P supplied and type and method of land cultivation). Above mentioned influences even have an effect on relative amount of organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus. Three basic groups of phosphorus contained in the soil can be described: inorganic phosphorus compounds, organically bound phosphorus and exchangeable absorbed phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus bound in the fractions depends mainly on the time of fertilizer application, including the impact of earlier interventions. For these reasons, it is necessary to execute detailed analysis of the various forms of phosphorus in the soil after application of mineral fertilizers together with bioeffectors. In this dissertation variety of pot and field experiments will be set up, where samples from each variation of soil and plant will be separated and researched. Samples will be analyzed and amounts of phosphorus will be measured.
|
|
Assessment of ambient ozone pollution in the Šumava Mts.
Fišer, Michal ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Matějíček, Luboš (referee)
This diploma thesis is focused on a comprehensive assessment of ambient ozone concentrations in the Šumava Mts. Meteorological station Churáňov showed spring and summer maxima. The highest values were recorded between April and June each year. Second maximum appears in August. Minimal values were recorded during autumn and winter months, the lowest values appeared between November and January. Data from the 15-year period 1995 - 2009 were compared. The annual averaged concentration of ozone was 79,4 µg.m-3 . The highest AOT40F values within the entire measuring period were recorded in 2006 (34,9 ppm.h) and 2003 (32,9 ppm.h), the critical level for forest is 5 ppm.h. In this thesis the dependence of surface ozone at selected meteorological factors (temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation) and polution factors (NOx and NO2) such regression. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test has been developed for detecting and estimating monotonic trends in the time series and applied in our study at annual values: mean, 98th percentile and median. Trend in the annual value ozone 98th percentile was determined as statistically significant at Churáňov site during the 1995-2009 period. Trends in the annual ozone mean and median were determinated as statistically not significant. The thesis...
|
|
Impacts of corruption and fiscal evasion on selected sectors of the economy
Rodonaia, Elizbar ; Šrédl, Karel (advisor) ; Kopecká, Lenka (referee)
Corruption is one of the most famous and also the most serious problems of the contemporary world. The aim of the processing of the dissertation is to create the actual characteristics of corruption and fiscal evasion, both from theoretical and practical point of view, specify their manifestations in economies of Georgia and Czech Republic in conditions of contemporary globalization, as well as to express the effects of corruption and fiscal evasion on selected sectors of the economy. The international organization Transparency International compared corruption in different countries based on the values of the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), which measures the degree of corruption perception from a subjective point of view. Every year the index captures the current view on corruption in the public sector and surveys used for the compilation include issues related to the misuse of public power for private benefit. The Czech Republic has 51 points and is on the 53th position in the rankings, right behind her at the 54th position ranked Slovakia with 50 points. This placement reflects very bad situation in the state administration, poor functioning of political parties and the lack of anti-corruption policy of the state. From the collected data and time series was concluded a conclusion about the high correlation and the correlated indicators of corruption CPI and GDP per capita in PPP. Although among the least corrupt countries in the world in 2014 ranks developed economies such as Denmark, New Zealand and Finland, less sophisticated Georgia was able to stay 50th position ahead of Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is due to the fact that with the advent of the Governments of President Saakashvili and Prime Minister Ivanishvili underwent a major reform of the state administration, including the security forces. This testifies to the fact that the underdevelopment of the economy is far from being the main factor for the elimination of corruption and fiscal evasion in a particular country. Reducing scope of tax evasions and departures of companies to tax havens are aims of the electronic records of sales and changes in the procurement system. Transparency of decisions on the allocation of public contracts should be solved and carry out an inspection utilization of public funds. Limitation of the influence of officials in the public service would undoubtedly help to eliminate small (petty) corruption. More than the total elimination of corruption endeavour currently states on its reduction or elimination of its consequences.
|
|
Dynamics of mountain spruce forest focused on natural regenaration development
Červenka, Jaroslav ; Svoboda, Miroslav (advisor) ; Tomáš, Tomáš (referee)
Disturbances have a major impact on the dynamic of forest ecosystems. However, there is lack of its exact consequences for mountain spruce forests in Central Europe. In 2007 heavy windstorm damaged a lot of stands in Šumava NP, subsequent bark beetle outbreak resulted in a large-scale dieback of spruce stands in this area. We took advantage of this opportunity. This study is focused on disintegration and structure of stands after the severe disturbance and in next step is focused on density and structure of natural regeneration in these stands. In addition we dealt with spruce regeneration (Picea Abies (L.) Karst.) on decaying logs. We compared two localities, disturbed (NP Šumava) and undisturbed site (CHKO Jeseníky). We concentrated on the change in saplings densities and on impact of decaying logs characteristic on this change. Finally we wanted to determinate impact of decaying logs characteristic on density of spruce regeneration. In area of Trojmezná we recorded 99 % mortality of parent stands. We founded only a few of adult tress which survived the disturbance, in addition we found several new trees, most of them with diameter about 10 cm. Live trees (DBH > 7 cm) reach density 16 trees per ha. The amount of dead wood was 2.5 times higher than before 10 years, one third were lying logs. Only natural regeneration of Norway spruce and rowan (Sorbus acuparia L.) was founded. Regeneration recruitments occurred in sufficient numbers, mostly on mosses (32 %), dead wood (27 %) and the nearest neighbourhoods of living mature trees or snags (28 %). Advance regeneration occupied 88 % of all regeneration. The density of individuals was similar along the elevation gradient. But in lower elevation of study area was situated higher regeneration recruitment then in the higher parts. With increasing elevation gradient regeneration was more homogenous in height and was lower. Best conditions for spruce regeneration provides logs with the largest diameters and logs with presence of white fungi Armillaria spp. or Phellinus nigrolimitatus. On the other hand logs with presence of Fomitopsis pinicola do not provide a suitable microsite for saplings. When we compare change in regeneration density on dead wood between the disturbed and undisturbed site, our results show significant increase in regeneration density at disturbed site (by 33 %). The increased regeneration density observed at the disturbed site was mostly associated with the smallest saplings on logs with the largest diameters. Three years after death of the parent stands no significant effect was recorded on the growth rate and survival of established spruce saplings on dead wood.
|
|
Qualitative and quantitative changes of agricultural land resources in the Czech Republic after 2000.
Gebeltová, Zdeňka ; Boháčková, Ivana (advisor) ; Jarmila, Jarmila (referee)
The main aim of the dissertation is to quantify changes in agricultural land use and propose some solutions to reduce or compensate for quantitative and qualitative degradation of the agricultural land resources in the Czech Republic. Data (WTO, FAO, CIMSC, RISWC, CSO, FADN) are processed by the geographic associations index, environmental stability index, regression and correlation analysis and multi criteria analysis. The quality of the agricultural land is decreased in southern Moravia and central Bohemia (Voltr, 2012).
The quality farmland is mainly reduced in agriculturally valuable soils, i.e. for soils with higher average official price. There is the largest quantitative loss of farmland above all in South-Moravian region and Zlín Region. A distinction of five soil quality classes is made. The large amount of land falls from the highest classes of protection in those two regions. The cultivation of certain crops (wheat, barley, canola, corn, perennial forage, permanent grassland) is located without scant regard for the production of soil conditions. It is not a good way from the agronomical perspective in the Czech Republic. Homogenization of arable crops and their range adversely can affect the long-term productive ability. Although above average high percentage of leased farmland is in the monitored regions, its influence on the GARE change was not statistically confirmed. The irrigation systems should affect the quality of agricultural land. However, the construction of new irrigation systems and the usability of many existing systems is economically limited and influenced by form of ownership too. Subsidies for the sustainability of the production capabilities of agricultural land (Rural Development Program) are paid not for prevention, but as result of erosion processes only. In the dissertation was created multi criteria analysis includes criteria, which can be potential causes reduction of the soil quality. They can simultaneously act on the degradation of agricultural land.
|
guest ::
