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Ukládání tuku u modelových zvířat a obezita
Petrlák, František
This bachelor thesis focuses on fat accumulation in animal models and obesity, which is very serious global problem and is associated with lots of other diseases. The first part is about lipid metabolism and the energy balance, which is essential in association with obesity. This occurs when the energy balance in imbalance in the interest of energy intake. Next part is about adipose tissue, its dividing into white and brown adipose tissue and differences between them. A considerable part of the thesis is about genetic and non-genetic causes of obesity and impact of epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, the literature on selected genes (PPARy, FABP4, FTO, LEP, LEPR and MC4R) is processed for metabolism and the mechanism of fat storage in animals and humans. The bachelor thesis ends with the treatment of obesity.
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Autophagy in adipose tissue
Somova, Veronika ; Krulová, Magdaléna (advisor) ; Zouhar, Petr (referee)
Autophagy is an essential mechanism of recycling, which represents a path leading to utilization and reorganization of intracellular components (nutrients, organelles, etc). Recent studies on adipose tissue have shown, that autophagy plays crucial role in differentiation of the adipocytes precursors and in phenotypic tissue transformations. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the characteristics of autophagy in terms of various adipose tissues as well as to present the regulation of autophagy as a potentially useful in therapy focused on obesity treatment. However, with the regulation of autophagy, there are risks that will also be considered in the present thesis. Keywords: autophagy, adipose tissue, therapy
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Identification of biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Šimják, Patrik ; Pařízek, Antonín (advisor) ; Karásek, David (referee) ; Novotný, Zdeněk (referee)
Identification of biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus ABSTRACT Gestational diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism that occurs in pregnancy and resolves after delivery. Increasing production of pregnancy-related hormones leads to insulin resistance which is not adequately compensated by increased insulin secretion. Since obesity is an important risk factor for gestational diabetes and is also associated with adipose tissue dysfunction and increased peripheral insulin resistance, the question arises as to what extent is the adipose tissue involved in the development of gestational diabetes. The first part of the thesis focuses on the identification of changes in plasma concentration and mRNA expression of adipokines fetuin A, fetuin B and FGF21. In our study we did not show that the presence of gestational diabetes significantly influenced the plasma concentration of fetuin A, fetuin B and FGF21 during pregnancy. An important finding was that women who had pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes had a significantly higher concentration of FGF21 several months after delivery in comparison to healthy pregnant women. We have been able to demonstrate the production of fetuin A in the placenta and fetuin B in perineal and subcutaneous tissue. However,...
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Monocyte adhesion to endothelium and atherogenesis
Kauerová, Soňa ; Králová Lesná, Ivana (advisor) ; Kraml, Pavel (referee) ; Kuneš, Jaroslav (referee)
Despite the availability of effective therapy of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, cardiovascular mortality continues to be very high in the Western world. Inflammatory changes occurring in the arterial wall as well as in the adipose tissue play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. Macrophages are involved in the process of atherogenesis as early as atherosclerosis begins to develop, when, still as monocytes, they migrate and adhere to the arterial wall as a result of endothelial activation and stimulation by pro-inflammatory substances. Adipose tissue has long been recognized as an important endocrine organ, with part of adipose tissue made up by a large amount of macrophages capable of producing a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the development of low-grade chronic inflammation important in the development of atherosclerosis. In samples of subcutaneous, visceral and perivascular adipose tissue (SAT, VAT, and PVAT, respectively) obtained from healthy subjects (living kidney donors, LKD), we analyzed macrophages and their polarization, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the effect of substances released by VAT on the level of monocyte adhesion to the endothelium. In some analyses, we included samples of SAT, VAT and PVAT obtained...
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Obesity and Obesogens
Dvořáková, Jana ; Müllerová, Dana (advisor) ; Houdek, Zbyněk (referee) ; Štich, Vladimír (referee)
The prevalence of obesity has already epidemic dimensions. Recently, the obesogens have been identified as the main cause in addition to excessive food intake, the lack of physical activity and the genetic background. These substances damage the metabolic processes, interfere with the hormonal functions and impair the energy balance in behalf of gaining weight and obesity. The theoretical part of this work deals with obesity, adipose tissue, lipid droplet and obesogens. From the obesogens there is closely specified a group of persistent organic pollutants (POP) from which one representative was used in the practical part of this work. The aim of the practical part was to describe the cellular model of differentiation the mesenchymal stem cell into adipocytes and to investigate the effect of one of the most frequently occurring obesogen on the expression genes of lipid metabolism and insulin signalling pathway. The morphological changes were observed in cells during differentiation (at days 0, 4, 10 and 21). The mesenchymal cells of the elongated spindle shape changed into adipocytes filled with lipid droplets. Oil Red O staining was used for quantification of accumulated lipids. The differentiation to adipocytes was confirmed by fluorescence immunocytochemistry using a specific protein FABP4. The...
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Effect of regular physical exercise on metabolism of adipose tissue in elderly
Čížková, Terezie ; Šiklová, Michaela (advisor) ; Horáková, Olga (referee)
Ageing is associated with changes in body composition, which is caused by decreases in muscle mass and a progressive increase of fat mass. It is also associated with redistribution of adipose tissue with increased visceral and ectopic fat deposition. These changes are related to insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. Adipose tissue dysfunction is important contributor to the disturbed metabolic status of elderly and it is characterized by altered adipogenesis, metabolic flexibility and changes in secretory activity. Regular exercise is indisputably a key part of a healthy lifestyle. It was shown to improve muscle function, cardiovascular fitness and metabolic health of elderly. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether a regular physical exercise can influence characteristics of an adipose tissue in elderly women, and if these changes in the adipose tissue can contribute to an improvement in an insulin sensitivity. In the two groups of elderly women, a long-term trained and a sedentary, the subcutaneous adipose tissue was analyzed for a gene expression of number of metabolic genes, an adipocyte size and a lipolytic rate at the basal state and after the isoproterenol stimulation. Anthropometric parameters and insulin sensitivity were also determined. Outcomes of this thesis...
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Mesenchymal stromal cells and biological scaffolds for neural tissue regeneration
Kočí, Zuzana ; Kubinová, Šárka (advisor) ; Filová, Eva (referee) ; Zach, Petr (referee)
Despite tremendous progress in medicine, injuries of the adult central neural system remain without satisfactory solution. Regenerative medicine employs tissue engineering, cellular therapies, medical devices, gene therapy, or growth factors with the aim to bridge the lesion, re-establish lost connections and enhance endogenous repair in order to restore neural function. The aim of my thesis was to evaluate therapeutic potential of two approaches, transplantation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) and biological scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix (ECM) for neural regeneration, particularly in models of spinal cord injury (SCI). First, hMSCs from various sources - bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT) and Wharton's jelly (WJ) - were isolated and characterized in vitro. All cell types met the minimal criteria for MSC phenotype and displayed similar properties in terms of their surface marker expression, differentiation potential, migratory capacity, and secretion of cytokines and growth factors. On the other hand, the cell yield from WJ and AT was significantly higher, and MSCs isolated from these tissues proliferated better than from BM. Therapeutic effect of intrathecal application of hWJ-MSCs was then evaluated in SCI compression model in rats. The effect of low (0.5 million) and...
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Perivascular adipose tissue in health and disease
Pasáková, Kateřina ; Králová Lesná, Ivana (advisor) ; Janovská, Petra (referee)
Adipose tissue is the biggest endocrine organ in a human body. Its function and composition have been intensively studied due to the rising number of overweight people. The cells of adipose tissue are called adipocytes. The substances that are produced by them are termed adipokines - cytokines secreted by adipocytes. It is possible to distinguish several types of adipose tissue based on its composition - white, brown and transient beige, or based on its location - visceral, subcutaneous and perivascular. Perivascular adipose tissue surrounds most of the blood vessels. Its effect can be inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and it is involved in the process of regulation of vascular tone. Pathology of perivascular adipose tissue can lead to a development of diseases which can directly or indirectly affect the cardiovascular system, and thus it may represent one of the main causes of death in the Western world.
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Regulatory mechanisms affecting etiopathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Cinkajzlová, Anna ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Krčma, Michal (referee) ; Kříž, Jan (referee)
Subclinical inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of obesity- related complications including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages are considered important players participating in the initiation and progression of subclinical inflammation within as well as outside of adipose tissue. The first part of this dissertation thesis was focused on macrophage characterization and their quantitative and qualitative changes accompanying metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery. We have demonstrated that the number of macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue is reduced regardless of their M1 or M2 polarization manifested as positivity of both the M1- associated CD40 antigen and the M2-associated CD163 and CD206 antigens 6 months after bariatric surgery. Thus, as suggested by previously published data, subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophages seem to have a mixed phenotype. We further confirmed a higher number of non- classical monocytes, which play a role in the control of vascular integrity, in obese subjects as well as a classical monocyte-derived origin of CD163 positive monocytes. Our data also support the previous suggestion of the soluble form of CD163 antigen being a suitable marker of metabolic complications of obesity. The second part...
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The effect of the combination of dietary supplements on the body composition of single-sex twins with comparable sports activity
Kvízová, Anna ; Vilikus, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Petráková Doležalová, Radka (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the influence of the combination of dietary supplements on the body composition of single-sex twins with comparable sports activity. The theoretical part of the thesis includes nutrition from the general point of view and the importance of individual macronutrients and micronutrients in sport. There are mentioned also selected types of sports nutrition supplements, which are widely used in order to support nutrition to achieve better performance, better recovery after sports performance, muscle tissue growth etc. The theoretical part deals with the nutrition of individual population groups from inactive individuals to the top athletes. The practical part of the thesis focuses on research aiming at the detection of the difference in body fat loss, the increase in body muscle mass and the increase of the basal metabolic rate in single-sex twins for three months. Nowadays, many individuals, especially women, are considering whether to add supplements to achieve better results and performance even though they do not train at the same level as top athletes or high endurance ones. Throughout the research, both subjects had the same diet regimen, a training program, the only difference was in the use of specified supplements in one of the twins (subject 1). To determine body...
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