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Detection of foreign objects in X-ray chest images using machine learning methods
Matoušková, Barbora ; Kolář, Radim (referee) ; Chmelík, Jiří (advisor)
Foreign objects in Chest X-ray (CXR) cause complications during automatic image processing. To prevent errors caused by these foreign objects, it is necessary to automatically find them and ommit them in the analysis. These are mainly buttons, jewellery, implants, wires and tubes. At the same time, finding pacemakers and other placed devices can help with automatic processing. The aim of this work was to design a method for the detection of foreign objects in CXR. For this task, Faster R-CNN method with a pre-trained ResNet50 network for feature extraction was chosen which was trained on 4 000 images and lately tested on 1 000 images from a publicly available database. After finding the optimal learning parameters, it was managed to train the network, which achieves 75% precision, 77% recall and 76% F1 score. However, a certain part of the error is formed by non-uniform annotations of objects in the data because not all annotated foreign objects are located in the lung area, as stated in the description.
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Characterisation and regulation of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors Subtitle: The effect of stress on muscarinic and adrenergic receptors in the lung and in the heart
Nováková, Martina ; Mysliveček, Jaromír (advisor) ; Hynie, Sixtus (referee) ; Mravec, Boris (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to clarify the influence of the stress on the adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the heart and in the lungs. Research was perform on rat hearts and lungs and on the hearts and lungs of the CRH KO mice. First, we assessed mRNA levels of all α- and β-adrenergic receptor and muscarinic receptor subtypes. Subsequently, we performed the radioligand-binding studies to determine densities of these receptors. We identified all three α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in the rat lungs. In the lungs of WT mice, we found that the amount of α1-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors was sex-dependent. Densities of the former were higher in females and those of the latter were higher in males. There was no difference between males and females in β-adrenergic receptor density. As for CRH KO mice, the basal densities of studied receptors were lower than in CRH WT mice (except β1-adrenergic receptors in females). The main purpose of the thesis was to detect the immobilization-induced changes in the studied receptors in the kontrol (WT) and CRH KO mice. Short-term and long-term immobilization caused decrease in all α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in females, whereas only α1A-adrenergic receptors decreased in males. The amount of β1-adrenergic receptors decreased in males and remained without...
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Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard
Šulová, Veronika ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Vokřál, Ivan (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Veronika Šulová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. External supervisor: pplk. doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Pejchal, Ph.D. et Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent belonging to the group of blistering agents. The theoretical section of the thesis is mainly focused on the description of acute toxic effects, the mechanism of action, and deals with the current possibilities of poisoning therapy. The experimental section is focused on monitoring the effect of sulfur mustard poisoning in the liver, lung, and kidney of female C57BL/6J mice after the percutaneous administration. This work aimed to evaluate markers of oxidative stress and histopathological changes of the selected organs at 3, 5, and 7 days after the poisoning. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods were used to determine markers of oxidative stress. Histopathological changes were evaluated microscopically using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The airness of the lung parenchyma was also assessed by computer image analysis. First, the LD50 of sulfur mustard was...
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Plynová chromatografie mastných kyselin ve vybraných živočišných tkáních
Drábková, Michaela
The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine, using gas chromatography, fatty acids in selected animal tissues. Specifically, the muscle, liver, pulmonary and adipose tissues were observed. A total of 32 piglets were divided into two groups with 16 pigs in each group. During 75 days of fattening, each group was given a feed mixture differing in the type of oil added. The experimental group was fed a basic feed mixture with the addition of 2,5 % fish oil, whilst the control group with the addition of 2,5 % palm oil. The animals were fed ad libitum. After slaughter, samples of selected tissues were taken and the process of lyophilisation was carried out. Using extraction method according to Hara, Radin (1978), lipids from lyophilized tissue samples were extracted. Fatty acids present within these lipids were then transformed into more volatile fatty acid methyl esters by the process of derivatization. These were then determined by gas chromatography and the results were statistically evaluated. The effect of fish oil in the feed mixture resulted in the increase of PUFA n-3 (P < 0.01) in all of the tested tissues. The addition of palm oil, on the other hand, had an effect on the content (P < 0.05) of SFA, MUFA in the tested tissues.
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Development of mortality from malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung in the Czech Republic
Hlávko, Petr ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Lustigová, Michala (referee)
Development of mortality from malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung in the Czech Republic Abstract Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung is one of the most common causes of death in the Czech Republic and this diploma thesis aims to evaluate and describe the development of mortality from this disease since the mid-nineties to the present time in the Czech Republic compared to other European countries and on district level. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the indicators evaluating the structure and intensity of mortality on this common cause of death. The theoretical part describes the selected disease, all the important risk factors, possibilities of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease. There are some other theoretical concepts described especially the tobacco epidemic, as smoking is without a doubt the most important risk factor for this disease. Throughout the study period, mortality rates have been converging in the Czech Republic and other selected European countries for malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung by sex when mortality has decreased significantly for men population, while for women it is slightly increasing. Keywords: mortality, cause of death, malignant neoplasm, bronchus, lung, Czech Republic
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Somatisms in Czech Phraseology (The Respiratory System)
Máchová, Miroslava ; Janovec, Ladislav (advisor) ; Holanová, Radka (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the linguistic picture of the world of somatic idioms with components of the respiratory system, namely the nose, throat, lungs, diaphragm, and bronchi. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts and fundamentals of cognitive and cultural linguistics, primarily focusing on cognitive linguistics, the linguistic picture of the world and its definition and properties, anthropocentrism, the theory of conceptual / imaginary schemes, metaphors, metonymy and its types, and last but not least, phraseology. The practical part is organised into chapters, each of which revolves around a single corresponding somatism. Their etymological and anatomical characteristics are discussed, as are particular semantic areas and idioms in which the somatisms play a primary role. Lastly, those imaginary schemes thar are involved in the conceptualization of a given organ in the linguistic picture of the world are presented. The thesis is supplemented with the knowledge of psychosomatics which, given the premises of some idioms being conditioned directly by psychosomatics itself, have turned out to be of great utility.
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Possibilities of respiratory therapy in children with spinal muscular atrophy
BRŮŽKOVÁ, Romana
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare, progressive, genetically conditioned disease that causes muscle wasting. Depending on its type, the disease can begin to appear at an early age. As the disease progresses, muscles of the whole body begin to weaken, causing the affected person to be bound to a wheelchair, forced to use various compensation tools and is dependent on the help of others. Very common complications of this disease are e.g. scoliosis, swelling of the limbs, contractures, and respiratory problems, to which need to be responded as soon as possible, as it is very serious complication and respiratory insufficiency in advanced stages may lead to death of the affected person. It is neccessary to strengthen breathing muscles, maintain lung volume by training and keep the airways clear and clean. The main goal of this thesis was to formulate the possibilites of respiratory therapy in children with the spinal muscular atrophy and to apply selected techniques of respiratory therapy and selected aiding tools along with the evalution of the effect. The theoretical part focuses on the description of the disease, its symptoms, diagnosis, and options of treatment such as pharmacotherapy, gene therapy, medical rehabilitation and respiratory therapy, which is crucial in children with spinal muscular atrophy. The practical part is based on qualitative research, where casuistries of three children with spinal muscular atrophy are processed. The research includes kinesiological analysis, muscular test, measurement of the chest circumference and spirometric examination. Based on this examination, a therapy plan was established. Lung function in all probands at the end of the therapy was approximately the same as at its beginning, which can be considered a positive effect of selected techniques due to the fact that SMA is a progressive disease.
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Air quality in buildings
Kops, Tomáš ; Uher, Pavel (referee) ; Rubinová, Olga (advisor)
The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out by measuring the production of carbon dioxide that man produces in various types of physical activity. Using the model, the goal is to simulate real carbon dioxide production for a type object and to design a way of automatic regulation, air supply and drainage to obtain better indoor environment (represented by carbon dioxide).
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The role of microRNA in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension
Tichý, Václav ; Hampl, Václav (advisor) ; Kolář, David (referee)
Pulmonary Arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating progressive disease that significantly decreases quality of life and has the average survival rate of only few years. One of the significant initiators of PAH is chronic hypoxia. After more than six decades of research that was initiated in 1946 by von Euler and Liljestrand, a new group of potential regulators of this pathology was discovered, that became heavily studied in the last five years. They are highly conserved molecules belonging to non-coding RNA. These 19-23 nucleotides long microRNA (miRNA) act as negative regulators of expression on various proteins. Many of them regulate traditional signalling pathways of hypoxic PAH (HIF-1, BMPR2) and miRNA is in turn regulated by other signalizations. Together, that creates an interconnected network of direct and indirect interactions and feedback loops, that we need to study in order to understand hypoxic PAH. This thesis summarizes findings about important miRNA molecules from the last few years and elucidates part of these regulatory mechanisms on several miRNA molecules (miR-17-92, miR-21, miR-210, miR-204 a miR143/145).
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