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Ontogeny of dorsoabdominal scent gland complex in the representatives of the Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera).
Kutalová, Kateřina
Dorso-abdominal scent glands (= DAGs) of larvae represent one of apomorphic characters of insects order Heteroptera. These glands can persist until adults in different taxa. The persistence of DAGs were proved in the members of the family Acanthosomatidae. The ontogenetic development of DAGs cuticular structures were studied in all stadia, from 1st larval instar to adults of acanthosomatid Elasmucha ferrugata (Fabricius, 1787). The study concerned external structures and sculptures associated with DAG ostiole and areas of their surfaces, as well as internal structures, shape of gland reservoir and number of conducting ductules of proper glandular units. The light microscope and stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope were used for this comprehensive study.
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Patients' attitudes to pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis
Theimerová, Hana ; Vytřísalová, Magda (advisor) ; Hendrychová, Tereza (referee)
1 ABSTRACT PATIENTS' ATTITUDES TO PHARMACOTHERAPY OF OSTEOPOROSIS Author: Hana Theimerová Supervisor: Magda Vytřísalová Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy INTRODUCTION: Patients' attitudes to treatment might be affected by various factors. These may vary in different generations as well as in different populations. The patients' attitudes to the treatment along with the illness may affect decision concerning the beginning, interruption or end of the treatment. That implies that the interaction between these factors and attitudes to the treatment is comprehensive. AIMS: The study aim was to evaluate the patients' attitudes to the treatment of osteoporosis based on the perception of necessity and concerns of treatment with oral bisphosphonates (BIS). METHODS: Data for the analysis were obtained using an anonymous questionnaire in five outpatient centres in the Czech Republic from November 2012 to March 2013. The patients' opinions concerning the BIS treatment were identified (necessity vs. concerns) using the Czech version of the "Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire Specific" (BMQ-CZ). RESULTS: A total of 363 patients were involved in the analysis (mean age 68.9 years). Patients were treated with once a week dosing forms of BIS -...
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Adherence to pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis
Santariová, Martina ; Vytřísalová, Magda (advisor) ; Doseděl, Martin (referee)
ADHERENCE TO PHARMACOTHERAPY OF OSTEOPOROSIS Author: Martina Santariová Supervisor: PharmDr. Magda Vytřísalová, Ph.D. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy INTRODUCTION: Adherence is the extent to which the patient's behavior (using of medication, following recommended regimen) is in accordance with the advice of the health care provider. Adherence to pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis, including compliance and persistence, is still suboptimal. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was assessing of subjectively evaluated adherence with peroral bisphosphonates used to treat osteoporosis within Czech women. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicentre survey. Data collecting was carried out using anonymous questionnaire in five osteocenters in the Czech Republic. The research was performed between November 2012 and March 2013. Adherence was evaluated using a standardized questionnaire OS- MMAS (Osteoporosis-specific Morisky Medication Adherence Scale). RESULTS: A total of 363 postmenopausal women aged 55 years and older with osteoporosis or osteopenia were participated in the study. 133 (36,6 %) women used weekly dosage forms of BIS (alendronate, alendronate and vitamine D in a fixed combination, risedronate) and 230 (63,4 %) women used...
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The phenomenon of persistence in bacteria - the role of toxin-antitoxin systems.
Váchal, Martin ; Lichá, Irena (advisor) ; Seydlová, Gabriela (referee)
Most bacterial species currently studied are able to generate a small fraction of heterogeneous persister cells which are tolerant to antibiotics or other antimicrobials and still genetically identical to the susceptible parental population. Bacterial persisters emerge as a result of the stochastic regulation of cellular processes. Persistence can be triggered by stressful environmental stimuli or emerge spontaneously under favourable growth conditions. According to their origin, persistent subpopulations were divided into type I and type II persisters. Many recent studies indicate that toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems increase persistence. TA systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in prokaryotes and consist of a stable toxin, inhibiting essential cellular functions in persister cells, and an unstable antitoxin, which counteracts the activity of its toxin. Overexpression of toxin parts in excess of their corresponding antitoxin leads to multidrug tolerance (MDT). This work summarizes causes of persister formation and their hypothetical survival strategies and deals primarily with TA systems, controlling bacterial persistence of model organism Escherichia coli. The emphasis is put on the description of type I TA system TisB/IstR-1, type II TA systems HipBA, RelBE, MazEF, DinJ-YafQ, MqsRA, type V TA...
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Immunity and polyomaviruses
Janovec, Václav ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Belovičová, Martina (referee)
Human polyomaviruses JC and BK belongs to the group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses, and are widespread in the human population. After usually asymptomatic primary infection subsequently persist throughout life in the body in a state of persistence. Thus, this thesis aims to summarize present knowledge concerning the involvement of immune mechanisms involved in immune surveillance against persistent JC and BK viruses. The published findings show that the immune surveillance against human polyomaviruses is a very complex process where an important factor is the involvement and cooperation of non-specific and specific immune defense. Long-term immune surveillance against persistent viruses is mainly mediated by specific T lymphocytes. If this immune surveillance disrupted, it can lead to reactivation of the virus. The change in cytokine environment and the genetic makeup of an individual are another important factors in cases of reactivation. The two human polyomaviruses were developed mechanisms that allow them seemed to partially escape immune surveillance. It also raises the question whether this immune escape contribute to induce tumorigenesis.
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The Persistence of Human Polyomaviruses
Blažková, Kristýna ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Kuthan, Martin (referee)
Despite years of research, even the most scrutinized Polyomaviruses - BK and JC - have not yet been thoroughly understood. With a number of new Polyomaviruses - KIV, WUV, MCV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSV and HPyV9 described in the past few years, the need to understand how Polyomaviruses operate in their hosts has become even more urgent. The probable route of transmission appears to be either respiratory or faecal-oral. The initial infection occurs most likely in the early childhood or early-adolescence and is followed by a life-long persistence. The seroprevalence of Human Polyomaviruses among healthy adult population is high: BKV (81-97 %), JCV (35-69 %), KIV (55 %), WUV (69 %), MCV (25-46 %) and TSV (70-80 %). Human Polyomaviruses can cause fatal diseases in immunocompromised patients. The site of persistence in humans probably varies depending on the specific Polyomavirus. BK and JC are known to persist in kidneys and the urinary tract. Human Polyomaviruses have been detected in the lymphatic tissues, blood, respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems. It is not clear, however, if they persist in all of these sites. Mechanisms which Polyomaviruses use to establish and maintain persistent infection could include the viral miRNA and viral agnoprotein, which would result in a modulation of viral...
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Ontogeny of dorsoabdominal scent gland complex in the representatives of the Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera).
Kutalová, Kateřina ; Vilímová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kment, Petr (referee)
Dorso-abdominal scent glands (= DAGs) of larvae represent one of apomorphic characters of insects order Heteroptera. These glands can persist until adults in different taxa. The persistence of DAGs were proved in the members of the family Acanthosomatidae. The ontogenetic development of DAGs cuticular structures were studied in all stadia, from 1st larval instar to adults of acanthosomatid Elasmucha ferrugata (Fabricius, 1787). The study concerned external structures and sculptures associated with DAG ostiole and areas of their surfaces, as well as internal structures, shape of gland reservoir and number of conducting ductules of proper glandular units. The light microscope and stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope were used for this comprehensive study.
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Interaction of Borrelia sp. with HL-60 cells and monocytes and cultivation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in HL-60 cell culture
Marková, Lucie ; Hulínská, Dagmar (advisor) ; Beranová, Jana (referee)
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are causative agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Their common vector in Europe are the ticks from the genus Ixodes. In our work, we focused on interaction of innate immune cells with the causative agent of Lyme diseases, that are insubstitutable in their function in the early phase of the disease. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is hard to cultivate, the only possibility is to cultivate it in cell cultures. Successful cultivation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum acquired from patients in our geographic area is crucial for following experiments and for diagnostics too. In our experiments, we used validated cell cultures of HL-60 cells, canine monocytes DH82 and murine monocytes P388D1. During our studies of interaction of the causative agent of Lyme diseases with cells, we used two strains of different species Borrelia. Borrelia garinii M192 and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto B31. These strains vary in virulence. The strain M192 is virulent, but the strain B31 lost its virulence by passages. We specialised in study of morphological changes using light microscopy (observation of dyed and fixed preparates and observation in dark field), eventually by transmision electron microscopy. During our experiments, we concluded that HL-60...
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Study of persistence phenomenon at Staphylococcus aureus
Kubištová, Lucie ; Lichá, Irena (advisor) ; Melter, Oto (referee)
Staphylococcus aureus is human pathogen and is causative factor of many diseases with different character, from light infections of the skin to life-threatening sepsis. S. aureus often colonizes cystic fibrosis patient's lungs and causes long-standing pneumonia, which can cause death in these patients. Infection caused by S. aureus are, as most of the infections, treated with antibiotics. Failure in treatment is caused because of presence of resistant strains. It was shown, that treatment failure can be caused by different type of the antibiotic tolerance - by the persistence. Persisters are phenotypic variants of isogenic bacterial population, that is unaffected by antibiotic treatment even though they don't have genetics determinants of the resistance. The phenomenon of the persistence in bacteria is still relatively poorly understood. The aim of my thesis was to contribute to the characterization of the persistence in S. aureus. We have optimized a method for rapid identification of persisters' amount in the bacterial population after treatment with antibiotics using the method of measuring the killing curves. We have found out, that exposure to osmotic stress causes increase in number of persistence in the bacterial population by 1 - 2,5 order. Using quantitative PCR method we have analyzed the...
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Residual analysis of botanical pesticides using separation methods
Medová, Tereza ; Nový, Pavel (advisor) ; Táborský, Jan (referee)
Botanical pesticides that include essential oils are considered to be one of the possible alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides in plant protection, therefore it is important to develop our knowledge about these natural substances. This Master thesis comprises the residual analysis of selected compounds contained in Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils after their application on plant material. The chemical composition of each essential oil was initially analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC - MS). This analysis helped to select three representative compounds for each essential oil and the residues were determined for each of them. Citral, Geranyl-acetate and Limonene were selected for C. citratus, b-Citronellol, Geraniol and Linalool for P. graveolens and Thymol, p-Cymene and g-Terpinene for T. vulgaris. Two new methods to determine botanical pesticide residues were developed. The new methods should provide faster and easier analysis. One of them uses Solid Phase Microextraction method (SPME). The other one, that was applied in the residual analysis, uses hexane for extraction. The results show that essential oils' persistence is very low on the surface of plant material, which would imply they are environmentally friendly and safe for human health assuming correct manipulation with these substances.
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