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Acute coronary syndromes and the influence of nutritional education
Křupková, Petra ; Tůmová, Eva (advisor) ; Altschmiedová, Tereza (referee)
Patients who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction need a comprehensive team of doctors and health professionals in whose care they are in the follow-up. Many times, however, a nutritionist may be missing from this team. It is very important for patients to take small and effective steps to change their lifestyle and dietary choices after they leave the hospital. Nutrition plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and is one of the non-negligible preventive factors for recurrence of acute myocardial infarction. The thesis focuses on the issue of dietary change after AIM with a three-month interval. It compares the choice of certain foods in a nutritionally educated group that also received educational papers and a control group that did not receive education and did not receive papers. The first conversation with patients took place at the hospital bedside. Respondents signed an informed consent form, were anthropometrically measured, asked several questions about diet and lifestyle, and were instructed on what they needed for a follow-up interview in three months. Laboratory values were taken from each patient's discharge report. Every other patient was educated and received education papers. Group B patients received only a paper with their name, phone...
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Nutritional interventions for patients with brain injuries and movement limitations
Kadečková, Klára ; Sládková, Petra (advisor) ; Svěcená, Kateřina (referee)
Patients with acquired brain damage, who are attending rehabilitation day-care center on the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of the General Hospital and the First Medical Faculty of Charles University in Prague, are often limited by fatigue and lack of energy. Patients are attending day hospital mainly with brain damage acquired after stroke and less often also after brain trauma. Secondary prevention of atherosclerosis development or progression and prevention of stroke relapse is very important with these patients. Nutritional intervention plays significant role in prevention and treatment of many risk factors of an atherosclerotic artery damage. Common consequence of brain damage is development of secondary sarcopenia. Patient in day hospital must bring their own food. Individualized program as a result from examination by the multidisciplinary team doesn't include nutritional assessment. Study with patients with acquired brain damage was carried out on Department of Rehabilitation. Study used bioelectrical impedance analysis provided by InBody 370 S. Body composition of patients was measured. This data and anthropometric measurements were evaluated for presence of metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Muscle mass percentage was evaluated as well. Study found out that most...
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Atherosclerosis risk factors and macrophage polarization in adipose tissue
Králová, Anna ; Poledne, Rudolf (advisor) ; Vrablík, Michal (referee) ; Zicha, Josef (referee)
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and the pro-inflammatory state stimulates the process of atherogenesis. Since the 1990s, it has become clear that adipose tissue has not only an endocrine function, but it is also a very important immune organ due to the presence of various immunocytes with high cytokine secretion. Local resident macrophages represent a major component in the development of this inflammation. Due to our inclusion in the unique transplantation program at IKEM, which ensured availability of peroperatively harvested adipose tissue and its subsequent and immediate analysis, we were able to characterize the different subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages and classify macrophages into pro- and anti-inflammatory populations based on the differential expression of surface markers. From subcutaneous (SCAT), perivascular (PVAT), and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue samples from healthy living kidney donors (LKD), we analyzed the macrophage phenotype after obtaining the stromal fraction by flow cytometry. At the beginning of the experiments, we chose the calprotectin molecule as a proinflammatory marker. However, in subsequent experiments described herein, we chose a different route and selected the CD16 receptor to determine the proinflammatory phenotype. This...
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The circulating cell-free DNA as a biomarker of civilization diseases
Dyachenko, Yulia ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Vaňková, Markéta (referee)
The incidence of civilization diseases in the population is increasing every year due to changing environmental conditions and modern lifestyles. These diseases reduce the quality of life, lead to health complications or even death of patients. This can be prevented by monitoring health status. Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) has the potential to be introduced as a non-invasive biomarker. Possible mechanisms of cfDNA release are apoptosis, necrosis, NETosis, pyroptosis and active secretion. The occurrence of these processes in some civilization diseases allows the use of cfDNA as a biomarker. The aim of this work was to summarize the current knowledge on the possibility of using cfDNA in the diagnosis, monitoring of the development and course of some diseases of civilization, namely obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke. From the available literature it can be concluded that cfDNA could be used in clinical practice for the purposes described above. Key words: Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), civilization diseases, biomarker, obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Computational modeling of arterial stents
Ondříšková, Tereza ; Hrubanová, Anna (referee) ; Fischer, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis deals with computational modeling of self-expandable and balloon-expandable arterial stents. The introductory part of the thesis is devoted to a brief overview of basic medical knowledge related to the circulatory system and cardiovascular diseases. Then, a review of constitutive models of soft tissues and arterial stents is processed, including their historical development, classification, and materials used for their production. An experimental tensile test of a nitinol wire is also included, based on which a constitutive model describing the behavior of shape memory alloys is selected. The main part is focused on the computational modeling of the interaction between an artery affected by an atherosclerotic plaque with a nitinol self-expanding stent and with a steel balloon-expandable stent. An analysis of radial displacements on the artery model wall and resulting stress states is carried out. Finally, these two approaches are compared in terms of the enlargement of the cross-sectional area of the given artery.
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The biological significance of changes in the vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque for the development of atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries
Horváth, Martin ; Hájek, Petr (advisor) ; Poledne, Rudolf (referee) ; Kovárník, Tomáš (referee)
Acute complications of atherosclerosis are typically caused by arterial occlusion due to acute thrombosis forming over a ruptured vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque (VP). Early identification of such VP prior to their rupture could help prevent these events. At the same time, methods for assessing cardiovascular risk are focused on measures at the population level and are not sensitive and specific enough to assess the risk of individual patients. We therefore focused on the possibilities of in vivo detection of VP using biomarkers and invasive imaging methods. First, we focused on the detection of microRNAs (miRs), which have been investigated in recent years as promising biomarkers for a number of diseases, including atherosclerosis. We determined miR levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral venous blood samples from patients in very early phase of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which served as the closest clinical model of acute VP rupture. The results led to the identification of two miRs (miR-331 and miR-151-3p) that were deregulated in STEMI and could be biomarkers of VP. In the next part of the research, we dealt with the possibilities of invasive imaging of VP using intravascular ultrasound and near- infrared spectroscopy (IVUS and NIRS). We confirmed...
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Stress-strain Analysis of Carotid Arteries with Atheroma
Lisický, Ondřej ; Návrat, Tomáš (referee) ; Vimmr, Jan (referee) ; Burša, Jiří (advisor)
Kardiovaskulární příhody byly a jsou rozšířenou příčinou úmrtí ve většině zemí. Ateroskleróza karotických tepen mnohdy vedoucí k mrtvici je jejich nedílnou součástí. Včasná a vhodně mířená diagnostika rizikových lézí může vést ke snížení kritických příhod, a tím potenciálně snížit počet úmrtí. Porušení nestabilního aterosklerotického plátu je ovlivněno působením sil od proudící krve. V biomechanice měkkých tkání je využíváno výpočtového modelování jakožto potenciálního ukazatele, díky němuž by bylo možné odhalit nestabilitu plátu u pacientů podstupujících pravidelná kontrolní měření. Mechanické veličiny bývají spojovány s klinicky dostupnými ukazateli jako jsou například podstatné rozměry léze nebo přítomnost rizikových komponent. Komplexita a malé rozměry tkáně ovšem stále omezují možnosti tvorby výpočtových modelů a existuje tedy spousta faktorů, které je před možnou implementací do klinických postupů potřeba řádně vyšetřit. Tato práce je členěna do kapitol shrnujících aktuální stav řešené problematiky. Kapitoly jsou doplněny o komentář autorova příspěvku k dané problematice a odkaz na originální práci. Studium problematiky naznačilo velké množství potenciálních směrů výzkumu, což by ovšem nebylo možné zahrnout do jediné práce. Řešená témata se dají rozdělit na: (i) ověření možnosti tvorby 3D výpočtového modelu ze snímků aterosklerotického plátu s následným rozšířením na výpočtovou studii zahrnující řadu faktorů pro ověření vlivu na napjatost, (ii) studium mechanických vlastností aterosklerotických plátů odebíraných z endarterektomie během celé doby řešení, (iii) možnosti analýzy deformačního pole u experimentů zahrnujících měkké tkáně a (iv) experimentální a výpočtovou studii zbytkové deformace, potažmo napětí v souvislosti s karotickými tepnami. Výsledky jednotlivých částí jednoznačně poukázaly na problémy spojené s výpočtovým modelováním jako například časté opomíjení přítomnosti komponent stěny tepny při modelování aterosklerotického plátu, nutnost správného pochopení mechanického chování, ale také na způsob vyhodnocení experimentů s vyšším počtem vzorků. V neposlední řadě bylo ukázáno, že zbytkové napětí nemusí být podstatným faktorem u aterosklerotických plátů karotických tepen.
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Immunohistochemical analysis of TRC105 effects on the liver fibrosis
Hamerníková, Veronika ; Němečková, Ivana (advisor) ; Svobodová, Zuzana (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department: Department of Biological and Medicinal Sciences Studijní obor: Pharmacy Author: Veronika Hamerníková Supervisor: RNDr. Ivana Němečková, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Immunohistochemical analysis of TRC105 effects on the liver fibrosis The subject of this diploma thesis was the analysis of the expression of liver fibrosis biomarkers in mice liver. The aim of our work was to test the effect of the drug TRC105 (carotuximab) on a fibrotic liver model after 4 weeks of DDC (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-colidine) administration. Collagen deposition and expression of α-SMA, GFAP and endoglin were examined and compared. Animals were divided into 3 groups: control group (n=6), DDC group (n=6) and TRC105 group (n=6). The control group was fed a standard diet, while the DDC and the TRC105 groups were fed a diet with 0.1% DDC. Physiological solution was administered to the control and DDC groups while carotuximab was administered to the TRC105 group. The analysis of fibrosis biomarker expression was then performed on fixed liver sections. Collagen expression was evaluated by Picro-Sirius Red staining and α-SMA, GFAP and endoglin expression by immunohistochemistry with fluorescence imaging. Histological staining of collagen...
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Stress-strain analysis of artery with atheroma
Janík, Rostislav ; Fuis, Vladimír (referee) ; Burša, Jiří (advisor)
This master thesis analyses stress and strain of iliac artery with atheroma. Model of artery is created as 3D and symmetric in the longitudinal cut. The first part of the thesis deals with a research, which includes obtaining information from medicine, which is necessary fort the right solution of the task. Next part dedicates to nonlinear mechanics, constitutive modeling from the view of biomechanice and computational modeling of arteries. In the next part is made analysis for load on artery by increased blood pressure. In the end were specified uncertainties of the used model and evaluated chance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerotic changes in long-term survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood or adolescence
Čepelová, Michaela ; Kraml, Pavel (advisor) ; Češka, Richard (referee) ; Papajík, Tomáš (referee)
The survival of children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma has improved dramatically over the last decades, but even young adult long-term survivors are at increased risk of developing multiple cardiovascular late sequelae of previous treatment. We evaluated the presence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperinsulinemia, obesity) in young adult Hodgkin lymphoma survivors, who were disease- free for a minimum of 10 years after the end of their treatment, and in age- and gender- matched healthy volunteers. We assumed higher prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors together with earlier development of atherosclerotic changes in this specific population. All survivors and volunteers uderwent physical examination, duplex ultrasonography of both common carotid arteries, all participants completed questionnaire on their eating habits and physical activities We performed biochemical analyses, including lipid profile, fasting glucose and insulin levels, markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The HL survivors showed unfavorable lipid profiles, markers of oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation compared to those of healthy controls. We found a higher prevalence of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and...
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