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Set-theoretic methods in module theory
Slávik, Alexander ; Trlifaj, Jan (advisor) ; Žemlička, Jan (referee)
A class of modules is called deconstructible if it coincides with the class of all S-filtered modules for some set of modules S. Such classes provide a convenient setting for construction of approximations. We prove that for any deconstructible class C the class of all modules possessing a C-resolution is deconstructible and the same holds for the classes of mod ules with bounded C-resolution dimension. Furthermore, we study the lo cally F-free modules; a sufficient condition on the class F is given for the class of all locally F-free modules to be closed under transfinite exten sions. This enables us to show that there are many non-trivial examples of non-deconstructible classes, generalizing the recent result of D. Herbera and J. Trlifaj concerning the non-deconstructibility of the class of all flat Mittag-Leffler modules over a non-right perfect ring.
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Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile
JANDOVÁ, Romana
Clostridium difficile toxin with production is the most common cause of nosocomial enteric infections. It causes inflammatory bowel disease called Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) of varying severity - from trivial diarrhea to life-threatening conditions such as paralytic ileus and toxic megacolon. C.difficile still escapes the attention of the general public and is in the background of other bacteria, such as MRSA. Clostridium difficile is a strictly anaerobic bacterium. It is a gram-positive rod forming an oval subterminal spores. C. difficile can produce two types of toxins - and toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (a cytotoxin). Due to the toxin causes damage of the intestinal epithelium and deeper layers of the bowel wall. Into inflammatory ulceration that cover of the pseudomembrane. Some strains produce more binary toxin, whose exact function is not underwood yet. It is assumed that potentiates the effect of toxins A and B to increase their concentration. To demonstrate the CDI must remove the stool sample into a sterile tube. In the bacteriology workplace in Czech Budweis Hospital is being made direct conclusiveness of antigen and toxin by immuncgromatography method. It is a membrane-enzyme immunoanalysis for the detection of antigen - glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A / B. Negative result excludes GDH with high reliability clostridial infection. For confirmed CDI is considered proof toxigenic strain of C. difficile. This is evident from the result of either immunochromatography which is demonstrated both the antigen and the toxin, or identity of the gene for toxin B by PCR. If you find out in direct detection only positive antigen, the sample is sent for PCR testing to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Regardless of the outcome of the immunochromatography, the microscopic specimen stained by Gram are being produce from reces. In the case of proven C. difficile toxin is carried anaerobic culture test that takes two days. For identification of accrued bacteria is used latex agglutination. This is a method in which IgG antibodies bound to latex particles specifically bind to the antigens of the cell wall. To identify the bacteria can be also used the VITEK - MS machine that uses a laser ionization method in the presence of the matrix, followed by mass spectrometry. In case of a positive culture findings Clostridium difficile is being from grown culture set sensitivity to antibiotics by E-test and disk diffusion methods For the year 2011 the Department of Bacteriology examined 291 samples of feces. 13,4 % of these samples had positive antigen and toxin in an imunochromatographyc examination; 15,1 % had a positive antigen and negative toxin and 71,5 % were negative. 74 samples was positive in C. difficile toxin. These samples were subsequently conducted to culture examination - 62,2 % were positive. Most positive samples were sent from the infectious department. It has been examined 53,6 % of women and 46.4 % of mens. Percentage of toxigenic strains of both sexes were virtually identical - 25 %. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin and only one strain was resistant to metronidazole.
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International economic organizations and impact of their activities on international trade development
Jovičić, Elena ; Sato, Alexej (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Ludmila (referee) ; Čajka, Peter (referee)
The necessity for a more adequate regulation of global trade relations (including support for the liberalization and development of international trade), in the context of the deepening globalization processes, requires a greater level of involvement of international economic organizations and more effective implementation of their activities. The primary purpose of the dissertation is to determine whether and how the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group have influenced the development of international trading system. The results of this thesis show that international organizations (primarily WTO and UNCTAD) during various stages of its development have been significantly affecting international trade growth mainly through the implementation of specific activities and measures related to a series of agreements and decisions. However, international organizations have had a divergent impact on international trade. The effectiveness of the implementation of specific activities and programs were depending on the political and economic situation of member countries, as well as the governments´ readiness and willingness to implement these measures. On the other hand, the effectiveness of realization of specific activities have been affected by either the internal weaknesses of the organizations, or the insufficient level of cooperation and coordination in the implementation of joint programs and measures aimed at international trade development.
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Podmíněný Účinek Institucí na Hospodářský Růst: liší se systematicky úroveň institucí se stupněm hospodářského rozvoje?
Shvechikov, Ivan ; Klosová, Anna (advisor) ; Taušer, Josef (referee)
The institutional quality concept, advanced by academic literature as a mean to enhance output growth, suffer from the absence of a clear implementation strategy. Considering that developing countries usually lack resources to be able to afford large-scale universal institutional reforms, the lack of roadmap puts substantial obstacles to practical application of the given concept. This thesis therefore goes beyond the simple statement of institutional primacy and sets an objective to differentiate the institutional effects relative to the level of development. To test it empirically, fixed effects model is chosen and interaction terms between the measures of institutional quality and the share of middle class are employed. Obtained coefficients indicate that institutions promote economic growth only when middle class share exceeds 25%. At the same time, different aspects of institutional quality exhibit contradictory dynamics. The control of corruption becomes growth enhancing only when middle class constitutes over one third of the population, while the relevance of government effectiveness for economic growth on the contrary decreases with the enlargement of middle class. These findings confirm the presence of conditionality and deny the existence of universal recipe for institutional reforms. Implementation of better institutions based on context-specific approach would therefore bring greater results in terms of economic growth than the direct adoption of best-practice institutions, so intensively advanced by the World Bank and the IMF.
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Taxation in View of Public Opinion - November 2016
Červenka, Jan
According to November 2016 survey of the Public Opinion Research Centre 13% of citizens regard taxation on high-income earners as high, 27% say it is adequate and 50% think it is low. Taxation on average-income earners is considered to be high by 39% of respondents, adequate by 49% and low by 4% of citizens. Taxation on low-income earners was supposed to be high by 64%, adequate by 25% and low by 2%. 62% of respondents think that tax rate should be higher for high-income earners than for low-income earners.
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Analysis of Possibilities and Conditions of EU Sources Use for Enterprise Development
MAŠKOVÁ, Hana
The main objective of this bachelor thesis was to analyse supporting programs, which are granted by European Union and to draw a sufficient progam for the chosen company according to its business plan. The thesis summarises the supporting programs for small and medium businesses. The thesis is devided to the following parts: a theoretical part, which outlines small and medium size businesses in general. The meaning, limitations and negative effects, which have impact on SME, same as a concept of small and medium enterpreneurs and legislation related to the support of business, have been formulated there. Next is an analytical part, that analyses the programs of support for small and medium businesses, which are currently being offered. This includes programs supporting a countryside developement. Lastly is the practical part and it has been devoted to a description of parameters of the chosen company and to a drafting of a project propsal. For this bachelor thesis I have chosen a company ERLEX s.r.o. With accomodation as its main line of business . The aim of this company is to build up a pension, which will be situated in the town Strážný. According to an analysis of suitable programs of support, has been the most suitable one for the ERLEX s.r.o. chosen a program for developing countryside. Specificaly an axis III. {--} A quality of life in countryside and a diversification of economy in countryside, remedy III. 1. 3 b) Support of Tourism. If this project was implemented it would speed up building up the accomodation and increase the competitiveness of the company. If the application is rejected it will lead to delays on implementation of the planned project, because of its significant cost.
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Srovnání regulace trhu s alkoholem a tabákovými výrobky v České republice
Králová, Lenka ; Běláčková, Vendula (advisor) ; Zeman, Karel (referee)
Cílem bakalářské práce je porovnat současný přístup ze strany státu k omezení nabídky a poptávky po alkoholu a tabákových výrobcích. Ke zjištění tohoto cíle slouží legislativní opatření, dokumenty a programy, podle kterých se Česká republika řídí. K porovnání jednotlivých regulačních prvků týkajících se poptávky po alkoholu a tabákových výrobků slouží možnosti dostupnosti, povinnosti provozovatele, zákazů a povinných označení jednotlivých výrobků. Ke komparaci v oblasti nabídky alkoholu a tabákových výrobků slouží zdanění se zaměřením na spotřební daň obou výrobků. Závěr práce dochází ke zjištění, že větší restriktivní opatření jsou v oblasti tabákových výrobků. I přes větší regulační opatření je vidět rostoucí roční spotřeba cigaret na osobu. U alkoholových výrobků jsou menší restriktivní opatření. Přes tyto menší opatření se spotřeba alkoholu pohybuje v rozmezí mezi 9,8 a 10,2 litru čistého alkoholu na osobu.
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Art-therapy as communication in the work with clients of Centre for educational care
LACINOVÁ, Hana
The essay describes an effort about using art - therapeutical method as an alternative form of communication with clients of Centrefor educational care, with whom the problem with verbal communication was approved. The first part brings an overview of possible causes of communication disorders, alternative communicational systems including art - therapy and shows reasons which looks to besuitable for.The secondpart shows closer the author's work inthe Centre for educational catre and describes the way of working with clients.This waz is approved by documents of clients.the nd of the work concludes advantages and borders of this attitude to the use of art - therapy.
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Vliv judikatury Evropského soudního dvora v oblasti přímých daní
Krejsa, Jan ; Vítek, Leoš (advisor) ; Pavel, Jan (referee)
V práci byla analyzována judikatura ESD v oblasti přímých daní a formulovány specifické zásady. ESD postupuje ve třech krocích: zjišťuje, zda existuje omezení EU práva, posuzuje, zda jde o srovnatelné postavení rezidentů a nerezidentů, a nakonec konstatuje, zda může být rozdílné zacházení ospravedlněno naléhavými důvody veřejného zájmu. V práci byla provedena komparace uplatňování judikatury v členských státech. Vliv judikatury ESD byl potvrzen v rozdílné míře; zpravidla dochází k vyvažování aktivního a pasivního přístupu na straně legislativy nebo justice. I přes zjevný vliv judikatury zůstávají v právních předpisech ustanovení, která jsou rozporu s evropským právem.
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