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Toxicity of freely available analgesics in relation to human health
VODVÁŘKA, Stanislav
Analgesics represent a large group of medicines which is used for suppresing subjectively perceived pain. Analgesics can be divided into two large groups, opioids and non-opioids. Some of the non-opioids can be used as anti-inflammatory and/or antipyretics as well. All non-opioids influence metabolism of prostaglandins. Diverse group of non-opioid analgesics is available in Czech pharmacies as prescription medicines or for sale over the counter. The aim of this work is mainly to assess the toxicity of over-the-counter analgesics and to find out the frequency of fatal intoxications caused by these analgesics in the Czech Republic and abroad. A list of peroral over-the-counter analgesics was created. A partial analysis of data from medical judicial departments of regional hospitals in the Czech Republic was performed in order to obtain total number of deaths caused by overdosing with these drugs. Using ÚZIS the number of deaths was extracted from information system Deceased. These logged deaths were caused only by acute intoxication with analgesics and were chosen on basis of precisely defined combinations of diagnostic codes (MKN10). Results were then expanded by similar enumeration from the National register of hospitalized, by which we specified the amount of intoxications where patients survived. Overall case report was evaluated from processed information. The number of deaths caused by analgesics and commonly misused addictive substances were compared by which the second hypothesis was clarified. The data was obtained from Annual reports about substance misuse and 6 years were compared in total. Identified risk of analgesic in Czech Republic was compared with registered cases of overdosing in world. Data used for comparing were gained from analysis of world literature. During the years 2006 ? 2011, 53 deaths and 2024 hospitalizations in the Czech Republic were caused by acute intoxication as a result of overdosing with mentioned medication. Our first hypotesis can be confirmed on the basis of these numbers, and therefor it can be said that over-the-counter medicines used for suppressing pain can cause death. On the basis of analysis of world literature a certain risk is seen in fact that these analgesics ? mainly paracetamol ? are often linked with suicides. For instance in United Kingdom thousands of cases of self-harm are caused by overdosing with paracetamol. In USA 16 500 deaths are thought to be caused by NSAIDS and 1600 acute liver failure incidents are caused by overdosing with paracetamol annualy. Illegal drugs caused 253 intoxications during the years 2006 -2011 compared to 53 cases of deaths caused by overdosing by analgesics. Annual reports about substance misuse report that deaths caused by illegal drugs are more common than deaths caused by over-the-counter analgesics in the Czech Republic. There remains a question: What percentage of analgesics intoxications, where patient survived or not, is caused only by over-the-counter analgesics without any other cause.
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Actual Problems of Saving and Imprisonment of House Arrest in České Budějovice
VOJTÍŠEK, Petr
This Bachelor?s Thesis on Actual Problems of Saving and Imprisonment of House Arrest in České Budějovice deals with the issues of home confinement. This institute has been active since 1.1.2010. The condition of its imposition is a letter of assurance from the convict that he will stay within the residence of a given address during the determined period. Thanks to this type of sentence the family, economic and other relations of the convict will remain intact as this sentence shouldn?t restrict the convict in his occupation or profession. Last but not least the government could also conserve service costs. The goal of this thesis was to research the issues of home confinement. Another part was discovering the problems associated with the imposition and carrying out of home confinement in České Budějovice and finding out how to solve these problems. To fulfill the goal of this thesis the two following questions had to be determined. The first question is aimed towards the problems accompanying the imposition and carrying out of home confinement in České Budějovice. Then it continues in finding solutions to the ascertained problems according to experts involved in this domain. The research was done in the form of a qualitative survey. The data was collected by a method of inquiry, the technique of structured conversation. The inquiry was done with ten respondents who where in some way involved with the issues of home confinement in České Budějovice. When concerning the questions of the survey the biggest problem which the respondents encountered looked to be the form of surveillance. Most of the respondents don?t believe that random inspections done by the probation officer are sufficient enough and are afraid of the obstruction of the sentence. Another problem is the housing of the convicts. Before the imposition of home confinement the conditions that may affect the imposition must be ascertained by the probation officer. Housing has been experienced to be very problematic by the respondents. The most common cases are when the owner of the residence does not agree with the sentence to be carried out. Another problem deals with the form of surveillance. It is just a mere legal adjustment. Even though it is listed in the penal code that the inspections are carried out by the Probation and Mediation Service with the help of the electronic surveillance system operator, electronic surveillance hasn?t yet been put into commission. The thesis then deals with methods of how to effectively solve or reduce these problems. For understandable reasons the motivation of the convict and his will to carry out the sentence is necessary. It?s able to respond to this problem with the legal adjustment by changing the law by introducing clear and accessible resources. In the case of the methods of surveillance it would be beneficial to establish an electronic surveillance system. This solution is backed by the respondents within the research survey and also by experts involved with home confinement in specialized literature. There is also an option of imposition of home confinement in certain cases instead of prison. Experience from abroad shows that custody in the form of home confinement isn?t a bad option. Considering the fact that custody is stricter than prison, home confinement could help secure the period before the legal decision. I assume that this thesis will help describe the institute of home confinement and will introduce readers with the positive as well as the negative sides of this institute and will provide solutions how to effectively solve these problems. Another assumption is that it will serve as research material for the expansion of the general knowledge and awareness about home confinement as well as feedback for people that are interested.
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Interactive narrativity
Lukešová, Anna ; Kubíček, Tomáš (referee) ; Bílek, Petr (advisor)
The thesis deals with the phenomenon of interactive narrativity, especially in codex-type texts. The aim of the thesis is to highlight the difficulties the current narratology has in coping with this kind of texts and to present an alternative approach to texts newly created mainly due to the development of modern technologies, the concept of cybertext postulated by Finnish theorist Espen Aarseth. Significant attention is focussed on the structural properties of this type of texts, which are the requirement of the feasibility of interactivity. The thesis is an attempt to assess generally both approaches and their advantages and disadvantages. The second part is devoted to an analysis of codex-type interactive texts. The aim of the list of selected literary works with an experimental structure is to demonstrate that interactive texts (or cybertexts) are based on the principles of traditional printed literature and are only an organic continuation of the experimental literature in another medium. A more detailed analysis of selected interactive texts aims to demonstrate the thesis of structural characteristics of interactive texts.
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Relationship between law and morals in the contemporary society
Pastoráková, Mária ; Tryzna, Jan (referee) ; Maršálek, Pavel (advisor)
ZÁVĚR Soudobou společnost charakterizuje řada jevů, které přispívají k nárůstu komplexity sociální skutečnosti. Vývoj je velice dynamický a probíhá do velké míry spontánně - není kontrolován z jednoho či několika center, nýbrž je výsledkem aktivity mnoha různých nehierarchizovaných subjektů a skupin. Jednotící obecný rámec společnosti je rozrušován a v oblasti hodnotové orientace dochází k partikularizaci. Společenská morálka se proměňuje - do pozadí ustupuje objektivní vzorec správného života, který je nahrazen akceptací různých životních stylů. Paralelně s tím se jako primární morální hodnota prosazuje princip snášenlivosti a tolerance. Nastoluje se otázka, do jaké míry je další existence společnosti tímto vývojem ohrožena, nebo-li zda je morální a hodnotový konsenzus tím, co společnost stmeluje a umožňuje tak její další pokračování. Stoupenci konzervativního názorového proudu se domnívají, že morální shoda je vitální podmínkou společenského života a vnímají právo jako efektivní nástroj k vyjádření resp. prosazení hodnot společnosti. Naproti tomu převažující liberální názorová pozice je, pokud jde o dopad morálního relativismu na společnost optimističtější a brání se obecnému stanovení omezujícího hodnotového rámce realizace svobody jednotlivce, pokud výkon individuální svobody neohrožuje svobodu jiného....
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Phototoxicity and influence of the human health
Záborcová, Tamara ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor) ; Jahodář, Luděk (referee)
When the UV radiation strikes on the organism, it interacts with bioactive molecules, which leads to their changes with various consequences including mutations, cancerogenesis, photosensitivity and other disorders. This writing deals with UV radiation negative effects on human, diseases, which are induced by it, its utilization in medicine and also with photoprotection and possible modulation of damage induced by this radiation.
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Liability for the infringement of copyright on the Internet
Kroftová, Barbora ; Dobřichovský, Tomáš (referee) ; Císařová, Zuzana (advisor)
Závěr Na závěr této práce lze vzhledem k výše uvedeným zjištěním konstatovat, že Česká republika má moderní autorskoprávní kodex, který flexibilně reaguje na nové rozvíjející se technologie a v souladu s příslušnými mezinárodními smlouvami a komunitární úpravou poskytuje ochranu osobám, jejichž autorská práva byla na internetu zneužita. Vzhledem k tomu, že česká právní úprava týkající se zejména odpovědnosti providerů je poměrně mladá, chybí zde významná judikatura, která by (byť nezávazně) umožnila orientaci v příslušných zákonech tam, kde lze výkladem dojít k více řešením. Dle mého názoru je třeba do budoucna v rámci autorského zákona vyřešit problematiku osiřelých děl, aby bylo možné buď co nejefektivněji zjistit autora díla nebo dílo prohlásit za osiřelé a tím umožnit jeho zákonné šíření v digitální podobě na internetu. Touto problematikou se již, jak bylo uvedeno v této práci, zabývají orgány Evropské unie. Vzhledem k potřebě sjednocování legislativy členských států EU i v této souvislosti pravděpodobně Česká republika převezme "evropské" řešení. S tímto tématem je spojena i problematika správy autorských práv. Aby nadále nebylo nutné (jak je tomu dnes) při udělování licencí k užití díla kontaktovat jednotlivé národní kolektivní správce, nýbrž se v rámci EU obrátit pouze na jednu pověřenou osobu, je...
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Perception of fear in Žižkov and Jarov
Jíchová, Jana ; Temelová, Jana (advisor) ; Čermák, Daniel (referee)
The main aim of this thesis is to discover how the inhabitants of Žižkov and Jarov perceive their place of residence in terms of the potentially risk places and safety. Following this aim the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used: questionnaire survey, interviews, statistical data analysis. The researches on fear of crime emphasize differentiation in the perception of fear by men and women and by various age groups, which is also reflected in this thesis. Further the focus is on identification of places which are often perceived as more hazardous and reasons which conduce to this perception. This research also tries to discover whether an overlap of places with higher incidence of crimes and localities which inhabitants perceive as the most hazardous exists. The thesis simultaneously brings closer the theme of fear and fear of crime, options to perceive living environment. The results proved that some localities, for example parks or deserted and deprived places, are perceived as hazardous. The research also pointed that women and some age groups strongly perceived the fear of crime and the overlap of places with higher incidence of crimes and localities perceived as dangerous exists. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Ovine hemonchosis-results of its laboratory control in course of experimental infection
Lochmanová, Eva ; Lamka, Jiří (advisor) ; Ducháček, Lubomír (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Lochmanová Eva Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Jiří Lamka, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Ovine hemonchosis - results of its laboratory control in course of experimental infection The anthelmintic resistance is a matter of interest in many professional workplaces, as it creates high losses for practical farm animals breeding and it represents a potentially limiting factor for the existence of their own holdings. The mechanisms leading to the anthelmintic resistance emergence are studied, and among them there is also the possibility of induction of biotransformation enzymes, that the parasites (round worms) use to overcome the contact with what is xenobiotics for themselves. Parasitic models and in the long term also Haemonchus contortus are used. Three strains of the parasite are used in the Department of Biochemical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Hradec Kralove: fully susceptible, fully resistant, resistant only to benzimidazole anthelmintics. Parasites are experimentally reared in sheep. The aim of this thesis was to experimentally document parasitoses experimental course all of these strains by parasitological methods. L3 larvae Haemonchus contortus were given to...
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Consequences of SaaS Model
Žamberský, Martin ; Bruckner, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hrnko, Petr (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the theme of Software as a Service (SaaS) model. Software as a Service is one of the main trends in ICT sector during the past few years. The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce readers this model in its wide ranging consequences and to accomplish a comparison of selected applications from office suite in SaaS model with applications from office suite Microsoft Office. Diploma thesis can be divided into two parts - the first part focuses on the theoretical basis (chapters 2 - 5) and the second part focuses on practical part (chapter 6). The third chapter (the first and second chapters are introduction) describes Software as a Service model and provides answers to the most frequently asked questions that belong to this model. Chapter number four introduces other trends in ICT industry and seeks and finds synergies between SaaS model and those trends. The next chapter deals with the "Does IT Matter?" question and SaaS model. Practical part of diploma thesis (chapter number six) includes comparison of applications from office suite in SaaS model (Google Docs and Zoho Office Suite) with selected applications from office suite Microsoft Office. Pieces of information for creation of this thesis are public accessible resources and resources accessible from University of Economic in Prague. Web 2.0 tools can provide relevant information. This thesis can be useful as instructional material for students and for interested persons. It can be also useful as a source of arguments for persons with competence of choosing information systems.
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