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Determination of fatty acids in human tissues
Turňová, Ivana ; Kuchařová, Monika (advisor) ; Nováková, Veronika (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate: Ivana Turňová Supervisor of Diploma Thesis: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D. Consultant: prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Zadák, CSc. Title of Diploma Thesis: Determination of fatty acids in human tissues The fatty acids are non-negligible component of lipids as one of the basic nutrients. This thesis in its theoretical part presents above all the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are important structural units of the cell membranes, they are also the precursors to several significant biologically active substances. In the human organism PUFA participate in many physiological and pathological processes this way, where they cause the large spectrum of actions. Onwards the thesis describes the gas chromatography method that is used in chemical analysis of lipids for the fatty acid determination as the gold standard. Experimentally, the fatty acid representation was determined in the blood, muscle, heart, liver and kidney among 26 cadavers divided into two groups according to the presence/absence of inflammatory process at the time of death. The data obtained were statistically analysed. The results were descriptively evaluated and there were indicated possible explanations of differences...
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition
Hrušovská, Veronika ; Dlouhý, Pavel (advisor) ; Rambousková, Jolana (referee)
This Bachelor thesis deals with the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids used in nutrition. The thesis examines how well students of the Third Faculty of Medicine at the Charles University in Prague are informed about the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and to what extent they consume food rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The theoretical part of the Bachelor thesis focuses on the basic fatty acids theory, the general characteristics of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the recommended intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids from foods. It addresses the effects of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the prevention and treatment of diseases, their effects on the lipid spectrum, the cardiovascular system, the immune system, the central nervous system and eyesight, diabetology, nutritional pharmacology and the skin. It deals with the significance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake by pregnant and lactating women, children, the elderly and vegans. It specifies the sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in nutrition. In the practical part of the Bachelor thesis, the author evaluates an interview survey involving 467 students in all years and from all branches of study at the Third Faculty of Medicine at the Charles University in Prague, who were enrolled in the...
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Diversity, ecology and ecophysiology of snow algae
Mikešová, Lenka ; Nedbalová, Linda (advisor) ; Kvíderová, Jana (referee)
Permanent and temporary snow cover in polar and mountain areas is a very extreme habitat. However, there are organisms that inhabit this environment. Green algae of the order Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta) belong among the important representatives of cryoseston, which are known from polar and mountain regions around the world. These organisms, which occupied the snow environment probably secondarily, developed different ecophysiological adaptations required for the successful survival in extreme conditions. Low temperatures and high levels of radiation are the main extreme factors that organisms must cope with. The most important survival mechanisms include the adaptation of life cycles (such as of the shifts between resistant stages and moving vegetative stages), accumulation of secondary carotenoids, changes in fatty acid composition of membranes and lowering of growth temperature optima in some species. These adaptations together with the study of diversity represent at present the main subjects of research of snow algae.
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The Potential Use of the Eustigmatophyceae In the Production of Biofuels
Pilátová, Jana ; Němcová, Yvonne (advisor) ; Pichrtová, Martina (referee)
The eustigmatophytes - yellow-green microalgae - are well known for their high lipid content which is constituted by high amounts of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This, combined with their high growth rate and an exceptionally high adaptability, makes them very promising feedstock for the biofuels production. In this bachelor thesis the role of eustigmatophytes in the production of biofuels is depicted with consideration of the issue of various cultivation conditions effects on the lipid content and composition. The first review of fatty acid distribution in eustigmatophytes ever reported is provided herein. Thus this work might be tentatively contributing to the strain selection issue - one of the most discussed topics in the biofuels field. The fatty acid distribution is qualitatively and quantitatively changed under various chemical and physical stress conditions. Thus the impact of nitrogen and phosphorous availability alongside with light intensity or temperature on lipid changes are presented. In addition, the process of fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis is briefly outlined. Recent genetic engineering trends and successes are also mentioned, such as the implementation of high-efficiency homologous recombination to...
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Study of metabolic syndrome in mice model: roles of dietary lipids, adipose tissue and AMP-activated protein kinase
Medříková, Daša ; Kopecký, Jan (advisor) ; Houštěk, Josef (referee) ; Novotný, Jiří (referee)
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders, e. g. metabolic syndrome, represent a considerable health threat for modern society. Due to sedentary lifestyle, high caloric intake and changes in composition of diet, prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. One of the possible causes contributing to higher prevalence of obesity in recent population could be the change of fatty acids (FA) composition of dietary lipids, with the shift in the content of n-6 and n-3 FA toward n-6 FA. In contrast to n-6 FA, n-3 FA are known for their anti-atherogenic, anti-obesogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. In our experiments in mice, the capability of naturally occurred and chemically modified n- 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in prevention and reversal of specific parts of metabolic syndrome was demonstrated. A specific chemical derivative of docosahexaenoic acid was proven to be very effective in preventing and improving metabolic conditions of animals exposed to high-fat (HF) diet challenge. Further, the involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of lipid metabolism, in skeletal muscle thermogenesis induced by HF-feeding was investigated. Activation of AMPK in the HF-fed mice is most possibly caused by increased leptin levels and represents an important link...
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Possibilities for utilization of selected vegetable oils in foodstuffs.
Krátká, Milena ; Vránová, Dana (referee) ; Zemanová, Jana (advisor)
The aim of this work was to find out and compare the composition of the chosen vegetable oils with regards to both the chemical composition and the pharmacological effects as the supplementary nutrition. All the oils selected contain large amount of the essential fatty acids, which has the positive effect on human health. Evening Primrose oil, borage oil and black currant seeds oil contain the large amount of the gama-linolenoic acid (GLA), which has the positive influence on the curing of the diabetes, menstrual syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections and skin disorders. Flax and hemp oil are excellent sources of the essential fatty acids in optimal ratio and are rich in other important substances, like phytoestrogenes and phytosterols. The lipids containing the high amount of the unsaturated fatty acids are predisposed to the oxidation during the storage. The oxidized essential fatty acids have the antimetabolic effect, which is working against the positive effect of original essential fatty acid. It is thus important and recommended to accompany the consumption of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with the antioxidants. In this work the effects of the antioxidants were also taken into account. From the oils selected the highest amount of the antioxidants can be found in Sea buckthorn oil, which contains the antioxidants like vitamin E, carotenoids etc. This work was also aimed at the literature review of the stabilization of the unsaturated fatty acids, technological production processes, reactions taking place in oils during their storage and the analytical methods used for the characterization of the oils.
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Sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their possible use in nutrition
KOLINGEROVÁ, Hana
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, their sources and usage in food are nowadays studied and researched topic for many scientists. Their influence on the health of the organism has been proved in many points of view. The practical part is therefore devoted to finding and comparing the knowledge of this issue in chosen groups, namely pupils from high schools and university students. The theoretical part focuses on the sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their usage in nutrition.
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Potential sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids for saprophagous soil invertebrates
Elhottová, Dana ; Frouz, Jan ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Lukešová, Alena ; Nováková, Alena ; Tříska, Jan
Main sources of important nutritionally compounds - polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) essential in soils animal diet were compared. The highest concentration of PUFA was found in cyanobacteria (namely Antarctic strain Pseudophormidium sp.), followed by fresh litter, algae, fungi and decomposed litter. The PUFA occurrence in bacteria including actinomycetes was rare. Leaf litter is the most important source of PUFA for soil invertebrates in regards to both PUFA concentration and occurrence in soil. The stage of litter decomposition significantly affected the content of all 13 detected PUFA. The total PUFA content decreased significantly during litter decomposition. Enrichment in certain PUFA was observed in the latest stages of litter decomposition, indicating that the soil microflora improves the nutritional value of the decaying ĺitter.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) enhance the sensitivity of HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line to apoptotic effects of butyrate, anti-Fas and TNF-alpha
Vaculová, Alena ; Hofmanová, Jiřina ; Kovaříková, Martina ; Souček, Karel ; Šimek, V. ; Zadák, Z. ; Kozubík, Alois
Práce vede k závěrům, že vysoce nenasycené mastné kyseliny (pufas) zvyšují citlivost buněčné línie lidského adenokarcinomu kolonu ht-29 k apoptickým účinkům butyrátu, anti-fas a tnf-alpha
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