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Anatomical Changes on the Skeleton in the Evolution of Genus Homo
Hoffmannová, Valérie ; Dvořáková, Radka (advisor) ; Schierová, Zuzana (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to describe the anatomical features on the skeletons of species Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensi, Homo sapiens and Homo naledi. For each type are described those features which characterize it. Emphasis is placed on changes in the anatomy of the skull and pelvis, but they are also mentioned other features typical for the species. Part of this work is to outline the mobility and function of the skeleton. Information about individual species are supplemented by a description of external signs which are due to the anatomy of the skeleton. Keywords: Anatomy, Morphology, skeleton, skull, pelvis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, Homo naledi
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Sex assessment of skull using exocranial meshes from CT scans
Musilová, Barbora ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Friedl, Lukáš (referee)
Sex estimation is a challenging problem in both forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology. Sexual dimorphism is most noticeably displayed by the pelvis; however in instances when it is not preserved, sex is estimated by skull. There is a multitude of approaches that use the skull, however, their population specificity and variable sexual dimorphism oscillation reduces their effectiveness (Bruzek and Murail, 2006). We base our contribution on the study by Abdel Fatah et al. (2014) that estimates sex based on exocranial and endocranial surfaces with a high success rate of 97%. Our approach uses anonymized CT scans of skulls from recent french population, from which the exocranial surface was segmented. On these surfaces, CPD-DCA (Dupej et al., 2014) was performed. We analyzed both form and shape (form after size normalization) of these surfaces in 104 skulls (53 males, 51 females) aged 18 to 92 years. The mean age was 58 years in females and 52.46 years in males. Classification was performed using support vector machines (SVM) with a radial kernel. Leave-one-out crossvalidation was also applied. The highest success rate (87.5 %) was achieved with the first 27 principal components of form. Classification of shape was less accurate by only 2 %. Even though our success rate was lower than that of Abdel...
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Design of a Crash-Test Dummy
Sedláčková, Martina ; Coufal, Tomáš (referee) ; Bilík, Martin (advisor)
The main objective of this thesis is construction of crash test dummy for vehicle-pedestrian crash tests. There is review of nowadays used crash test dummies types in the introduction of this thesis. This is followed by part describing construction itself. Chapter about construction begins by characterizing of used materials features in relation with real human body physiology. Main part of chapter is describing construction of crash test dummy’s skeleton and its individual components including 3D modelling and strength analysis. Thesis is finished by cost assessment.
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Variability of cranial size and shape in modern humans
Danda, Hynek ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
Variability of cranial size and shape in modern humans is affected by many different factors. Neutral evolutionary processes: mutation, genetic drift and migration; sex; but also the environment in witch the individual grows andt the food it recieves are responsible for this variability. Due to ethical constrains in experiments on humans and primates is very difficult to determine to what extent is for observed differences responsible selection and what proportion generates developmental plasticity. From the climatic factors temperature most likely forms the biggest selection pressure, which is evident especially on the facial part of the skull. Another important climatic variable influencing skull shape, nasal cavity most, is humidity. Within-population diversity decreases with increasing geographic distance from putative origin of modern human expansion.
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Analysis and Modelling of Medical Images
Vrba, Jan ; Mekyska, Jiří (referee) ; Smékal, Zdeněk (advisor)
The main objective of this thesis is an analysis of assessment techniques face, and cephalometric evaluation methods that are suitable for treatment of jaw position and design methods for treatment of jaw. At the same time the emphasis is on studying the methods,java advance imaging, which are used for the curvature of the image and should be able to meet the objectives of the assignment. These adjustments can be made using the Warp. Result of this work is an application developed in JAVA programming language, which demonstrates the best method for modifying the image. This method is WarpGrid. The application was made in the development environment eclipse. With this application, depending on the mouse action is possible to modify the image.
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Detection of characteristic facial features in tele-X-ray image
Hruška, Martin ; Přinosil, Jiří (referee) ; Mišurec, Jiří (advisor)
Description cephalometric images and the characteristic points on the skull for cephalometric analysis. Theoretical analysis of digital image editing and image before the actual detection. The range of possible methods for determining the characteristic points on the face. Experimental verification of edge detectors, Hu moments with neural networks and Haar wavelets with Viola-Jones detector.
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Numerical analysis of "sandwich" FE model of human skull
Kunecký, Jiří ; Jiroušek, Ondřej ; Jírová, Jitka
The paper reports on the reconstruction of FE model of human skull based on data obtained from Computed Tomography (CT) and its following numerical analysis. To improve the results the "sandwich" material model is used due to its better approximation of the bone structure. This improvement is achieved by covering the original model using shell elements. The thickness of the shell layer is tested and its final value is determined by comparing the results with different thicknesses to values obtained from experiments reported in scientific papers.
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Optical method in diagnostic of transient dynamic responses in human skull
Dvořáková, Pavla ; Trnka, Jan ; Veselý, Jan
The paper deals with the study of stress wave propagation in a human skull. Impact was generated both focused ruby laser beam and exploding wires. Transient dynamic responses were studied by means of double pulse holointerferometry and laser interferometry. in the research was paid attention to the evaluation of stress wave propagation velocity and tha result of both optical methods were compared. The study assists in the design of useful medical solutions.
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