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"The state of Czechoslovakia wants to grow" Forms and changes of Czechoslovak foreign trade in 1922-1918
Řimnáč, Jan ; Čechurová, Jana (advisor) ; Jančík, Drahomír (referee)
In this master's thesis I would like to focus on the development of foreign trade in the first years of the independent Czechoslovak state. The export of various domestic products and goods has always played an important role in the modern history of this state - from the Industrial Revolution through the twentieth century to the present day. The first Czechoslovak governments also paid a great deal of attention to foreign trade, as it was to be an important part of the country's active balance of trade. Between 1918 and 1922, various governments tried to control foreign trade through various commissions, syndicates and a special office for foreign trade. The focus of this thesis will therefore be on analysing the activities of these institutions. The aim of the thesis will be to give an account of how foreign trade was conducted, how it was transformed and what influence government policy had on it. I have chosen to end the thesis in 1922, when the Foreign Trade Office was abolished, which was justified by the end of the transition to a market economy.
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Silencing of Transposable Elements in Plants and Implications for Rationalised Transgene Design
Tobiáš, Andrej ; Fischer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Moravec, Tomáš (referee)
(English) Transposable elements (TEs) are integral parts of all plant genomes. Their ability to change their position (transpose) or copy to a new position and induce mutations within these genomes has driven evolution for billions of years. Despite its importance, unrestrained transposition can lead to irreversible genomic damage. Therefore, plants have evolved special silencing mechanisms to regulate transposition and "silence" TEs. This allows plants to harness the mutagenic potential of TEs, tame their new insertions, and thus potentially acquire genomic novelties. Silencing mechanisms operate mostly at the epigenetic/transcriptional level, where they induce methylation on target DNA or histones. This accounts for RNA-dependent DNA methylation pathways (RdDMs). Additionally, they operate at the post-transcriptional level, where they degrade target mRNA through a pathway known as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). These silencing mechanisms have also become proficient in recognizing both natural and artificial transgenes. Recognition and subsequent silencing of transgenes diminishes the efficiency of transgenesis and, thus, successful production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Extensive research into these silencing pathways and TEs can lead to a better understanding of what...
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Glycolytic enzymes and their inhibition in cancer cell invasiveness
Martinková, Eliška ; Peltanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Raudenská, Martina (referee)
Glycolysis, an essential metabolic pathway, serves to obtain energy from glucose. All ten enzymes, which are part of the glycolytic pathway, may be involved in processes that influence migration and the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues, which is closely related to the formation of metastases. Since the majority of patients with diagnosed solid tumors die because of complications associated with primary tumor metastases, studying this phenomenon is of great interest. The purpose of this thesis is to summarize the findings on the relationship between glycolytic enzymes and tumor cell invasion. Diverse roles of enzymes related to invasion, migration and metastases are described herein, ranging from influencing angiogenesis, cytoskeleton formation and mRNA and protein stabilization to affecting various signal cascades. Room is devoted not only to the relevant mechanisms at the molecular level but also to the results of research focused on therapy to date. The thesis also provides an overview of selected inhibitors of glycolytic enzymes that affect tumor cells invasion. Key words: invasion, migration, metastasis, glycolytic enzymes, inhibition, EMT, Warburg effect
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Ethical and legal aspects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation focused on advance directives
Beranová, Stanislava ; Kopsa Těšinová, Jolana (advisor) ; Hocková, Jana (referee)
(v AJ) Introduction to the Issue: The diploma thesis deals with ethical and legal issues related to the provision of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, particularly the use of advance directive in intensive care units. Although advance directive have been part of legislation in medical practice for several years, they are not widely used. However, this document is crucial as it protects patient autonomy in situations where the patient cannot express their wishes and preferences. The use of this document in medical practice raises questions, especially regarding its content, accessibility, and adherence. Objective: The main goal of this thesis is to identify the ethical and legal aspects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, specifically in relation to patients advance directive. The study aims to understand how non-medical healthcare personnel perceive these aspects in intensive care units. Methodology: For the research investigation, a qualitative research method was chosen. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with healthcare personnel from intensive care units. The obtained data were categorized using open coding after thorough analysis and anonymization. The results are presented using an undirected graph. The research section also includes continuous text containing individual codes and...
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Glucose effect on lipid metabolism homestasis in pancreatic β-cells
Stokičová, Linda ; Holendová, Blanka (advisor) ; Horáková, Olga (referee)
Lipids create an essential part of pancreatic β-cells. Not only they are the principal structural components and energy source, but they also play an indispensable role in β-cell physiology. Their metabolism is tightly interconnected with the metabolism of glucose, the fundamental β-cell molecule. The presence of lipids is critical for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and their turnover is inevitable for correct β-cell function. Lipids in the form of triacylglycerols, retinyl esters and cholesterol esters are stored in lipid droplets. These dynamic cellular structures are important for lipid metabolism and the protection of the cells against various types of stress. However, chronic exposure of β-cells to glucose and lipids can lead to disrupted glycerol/non-esterified fatty acid (GL/NEFA) cycle function, glucolipotoxicity and further dysfunction of β-cells, their dedifferentiation, insulin resistance, and finally type 2 diabetes. The experimental part focused on lipid metabolism in pancreatic β-cells in connection with glucose metabolism and redox environment. Glucose-induced expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism (fatty acid activation, lipolysis, lipogenesis, etc.) and the effect of modulated redox environment was investigated in β-cell line INS1E and isolated mouse pancreatic...
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Film tourism - Vltava as an object of interest for film productions and subsequently tourists
Veterník, Jan ; Fialová, Dana (advisor) ; Kubištová, Tereza (referee)
Film tourism: Vltava as an object of interest for film productions and subsequently tourists Abstract The bachelor's thesis focuses on the phenomenon of film tourism, a still developing form of tourism in the Czech Republic. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the theory of film tourism demonstrated on international examples. This theoretical part also includes a chapter on destination marketing and promotion of film locations. In the second part of the thesis, the theoretical principles from the first part are applied first to the Czech Republic, and then specifically to the Vltava River. On the Vltava, with the help of the filmovamista.cz website, significant films and TV series are presented and, in connection with this, locations with the potential for the birth of film tourism are revealed. Key words: Czechia, films, film places, film induced tourism, Vltava
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Olfactory adaptations in the deep-sea fishes
Kamrla, Jaroslav ; Musilová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Stopková, Romana (referee)
The goal of this work was to summarize the present knowledge about olfaction in deep-sea fishes. The research on this topic is seldom, however, few interesting studies suggest the importance of olfaction in these inhospitable conditions. After a short introduction of how the olfaction works, individual description of deep-sea adaptations follows. Implications on the importance of a specific sense can be made based on comparisons between individual brain areas responsible for the input of each sense. The importance of individual senses was investigated in mesopelagic and demersal species. Ontogenetic shift in sensory importance is one of the adaptations. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in the olfactory system. Enlarged olfactory organs in males are most likely responsible for easier localisation of a female. Regarding the olfactory receptor repertoire, a whole genome of a hadal fish from the Mariana trench marked a massive loss of olfactory genes but highlighted their specificity. My own data included in this thesis estimate the number of the olfactory genes in deep-sea fishes for which we lack the high-quality genome. The estimates (albeit with large confidence intervals) suggest rather smaller numbers of genes in most of the species, while there are some species with putatively expanded gene...
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Informedness of parents and family members of pediatric patients about lymphedema
Langerová, Kateřina ; Tomová, Šárka (advisor) ; Nikodemová, Hana (referee)
This bachelor thesis "Informedness of Parents and Family Members of Pediatric Patients about Lymphedema" focuses on the informedness of parents (caregivers) of a pediatric patient about the lymphedema disease. The goal of the work was to determine the state of informedness of parents and family members of a pediatric patient in the area of lymphedema and the dependence between this informedness and some parameters of the researched group and various types of information. A non-standard questionnaire of an own construction was chosen as the research method. The questionary was distributed in paper and online form through specialized healthcare facilities and through private Facebook groups focusing on lymphedema. 59 questionnaires were included in the survey. The results of this survey showed that the respondents' informedness is at a good level, regardless of the respondents' education and the time since the first symptoms of the disease. The Internet, next to specialized medical deparments, was identified as one of the most important and most frequent sources of information by the respondents. On the contrary, the respondents called media such as magazines, newspapers and television, educational materials, professional literature, but also general practitioners for children and adolescents as less...
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The role of glutamine in leukemia cell metabolism
Sitdikova, Karina ; Hložková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Zelenka, Jaroslav (referee)
Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies that result from the abnormal proliferation of immature blood cells. One of the hallmarks of tumor cells is their altered metabolism. Therefore, therapy targeting deregulated metabolic processes is an attractive strategy for the treatment of malignancies, including hematological ones. Amino acid metabolism is an important part of cellular metabolism, and targeting it appears to be a key attractive strategy in the treatment of leukemia. Glutamine, a conditionally essential amino acid, plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and maintaing the redox balance of leukemia cells, thereby contributing to their growth and proliferation. Strategies to treat leukemia by targeting glutamine metabolism include glutamine depletion, the use of glutamine transporter inhibitors and glutaminase enzyme inhibitors. To ensure the effectiveness of leukemia treatment, it is essential to recognize that glutamine is involved in numerous metabolic pathways, each of which is regulated by multiple factors. As a result, therapies targeting glutamine metabolism should be carefully designed to avoid affecting healthy cells and patient immunity. This thesis describes leukemia, including its types and treatments, and glutamine metabolism and its potential targeting...
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Reproductory behaviour of millipedes (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)
Habrová, Jitka ; Dolejš, Petr (advisor) ; Tuf, Ivan Hadrián (referee)
Reproduction is one of the most important parts of life of each animal. Courtship and copulation are very diverse in millipedes and differ among orders and species. Examining millipedes during their reproductive period enable us to investigate their mating behaviour. In addition, complex copulatory organs, namely those of males, are important for species delimitation and identification. I summarize basic taxonomy and morphology of millipedes that help to understand further knowledge from copulatory organ morphology to their function during copulation or courtship. I deal with copulatory organs of males (gonopods, telopods) and females (vulvae) as well as with secondary sexual characteristics (hook-like structures, adhesive pads, forceps-like mandibles, glands). I briefly mention the course of courtship (licking, "Schwänzeln", holding, stridulation, drumming, tactile and chemical communication) and copulation for each millipede order to point out the main behavioural differences. Species from the orders Julida, Spirostreptida and Polydesmida are the best explored, whereas in order Polyxenida, behaviour of only one species is described - Polyxenus lagurus.
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