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Zhodnocení chovu kapybar v České republice
FOLTYNOVÁ, Adéla
The bachelor thesis focuses on the evaluation of capybara husbandry in the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is to describe the problems of capybara husbandry in the Czech Republic and to provide recommendations for improving the care of these animals. The biological and ethological characteristics of capybaras are described, basic information about capybara keeping and their feeding habits are given. Furthermore, the environmental, dietary and health care requirements for captive capybaras are described. In the practical part of the thesis, the conditions of capybara husbandry in Czech zoos and animal breeding facilities were evaluated and compared. The quality of environment and animal care was evaluated and recommendations for improvement of husbandry were suggested based on the results.
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Host Specialization and Evolution of Cuckoo Behavior in Bees
Policarová, Jana ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Orr, Michael Christopher (referee) ; Litman, Jessica (referee)
Cuckoo bees are nest parasites of solitary and sometimes also social bee species. They do not build their own nests. Nor do they provision their larvae. Instead, they seek out a suitable host nest to lay their eggs in, and their larvae then feed on the host's provisions. In this doctoral thesis, I examined the host specialization of cuckoo bee species. I focused on the evolution of host specialization of cuckoo bees and factors which may limit their host choice - specifically whether and how are cuckoo bees affected by host food specialization. Answering these questions required phylogenetic reconstruction of several cuckoo bee lineages. We produced the first phylogenetic reconstruction of the tribe Sphecodini (Halictidae) and revised the taxonomy of the lineages Neolarrini, Biastini and Townsendiellini (Apidae), merging them into a single tribe Neolarrini. Lastly, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the mainly Palaearctic species of the genus Nomada, on the basis of which we divided the Nomada species into 13 subgenera. The mapping of ancestral character states showed that cuckoo bees of the genus Sphecodes change hosts quite frequently during evolution and are able to switch to phylogenetically distant hosts from different families. It also appears that there is no evolutionary trend towards...
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Fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting
Grasserová, Alena ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macek, Tomáš (referee) ; Lhotský, Ondřej (referee)
Vermicomposting is recently becoming a rather popular environmentally friendly technique for stabilizing biowaste, including sewage sludge. There is an effort to utilize the sewage sludge as fertilizer on agricultural land. But apart from nutrients, the sludge also contains harmful pollutants, which subsequently after its deposition on fields can be taken up by plants and organisms contaminating the food chains. Micropollutants, the substances that can be found throughout the environment in trace concentrations, are one of the pollutants occurring in sludge. It is for example pharmaceuticals and personal care products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or pesticides. Their negative effects are known - they can be for instance endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, or the development of cancer. Although the deposition of sewage sludge on fields as a fertilizer is one of the main introduction routes of micropollutants to the environment, the content of micropollutants before deposition is not monitored nor regulated. This dissertation focuses on the fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting, especially in sewage sludge substrates. The vermicomposting method was applied to stabilize coffee spent grounds and sewage sludge obtained from distinct wastewater treatment plants mixed with...
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Analysis of elements in nutrition supplements
Motlová, Tereza ; Navrátilová, Jana (referee) ; Vitoulová, Eva (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with food supplements, mineral elements and their determination in dietary supplements. The aim of this thesis was to elaborate a literature review focused on the food supplements, mineral elements, which are used in food supplements, and methods for determination of mineral elements in nutrition supplements. Forepart of this bachelor treats of food supplements, their basic categories, mineral elements which are contained in nutrition supplements and their effects in case of their oversupply (at high doses) or lack (at low concentrations) in a human body. Other part of this thesis is concerned with options of mineral elements determination in food supplements. Thereinafter, the thesis deals with ways of preparing samples for determination and analytical methods which are used for determination of mineral elements in nutrition supplements. Food supplements are foodstuffs which serve to direct consumption. Supplements differ from casually foodstuffs by high contents of vitamins, mineral elements and others matters which have nutrition and physiological effect. Food supplements are manufactured in order to achieve a diet completion of common user with positive impact on human health.
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Importance of probiotics in child's nutrition
Augustová, Kamila ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Vránová, Dana (advisor)
With great advances in science, medicine and knowledge of a man at the high level of treatment. However, even today the humanity seeking to return to its roots - the nature and use it to maintain its good health. The term probiotics is meant by living organisms that are capable of resettling in the human intestine and have a positive impact on maintaining healthy intestinal microorganisms, which also reflected the positive effects on human health in general. Company Valosun a.s. provided for testing probiotický food supplement for children, which was tested mothers with children preschool age and pregnant. The aim of our sociological survey was to determine what is the awareness of the issue of probiotics in this group, the perception of the queried the availability of probiotics and what are the most common reasons for their use.
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Fermentation of different cereals by the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 299v
Hamalová, Sabina ; Španová, Alena (referee) ; Prof.Siv Ahrne (advisor)
Počet obyvatel trpících různými infekčními, zánětlivými a alergickými nemocemi stejně jako výskyt laktózové nesnášenlivosti a vysoké hodnoty krevního cholesterolu, má narůstající tendenci. Některé z těchto zdravotních problémů jsou způsobeny nevyváženou střevní mikroflorou. Probiotika jsou pak chápána (nejen) jako potravní komponenty, které přispívají k ustanovení mikrobiální rovnováhy (Parker, 1974) mezi zdraví prospěšnými a škodlivými bakteriemi. Z tohoto důvodu, terapie založená na podávání probiotik pacientům přitáhla zájem ze strany vědců. Vhodný probiotický kmen se pak volí v závislosti na požadovaném zdravotním účinku (příp. zdravotním problému, který má být probiotickou terapií léčen). Lactobacillus plantarum 299v již prokázal své blahodárné účinky na lidech a zároveň byla i potvrzena jeho zdravotní bezpečnost, díky čemuž může tato bakterie být kategorizována jako probiotický kmen (Probi AB, Sweden). I díky tomu je Lactobacillus plantarum 299v ve značné oblibě přidáván do mnoha fukčních potravin a prodáván na trhu pod různými jmény, probiotický nápoj ProViva je jedním takovým příkladem. Cílem této práce bylo studovat fermentační proces na žitném, ječmenném a sojovém substrátu pomocí kmene Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, přičemž zvýšená pozornost byla věnována právě soji a ječmeni jako potenciálně novým substrátům pro výše uvedenou bakterii. Hlavními záměry bylo zkoumání růstu a metabolické aktivity bakterie Lactobacillus plantarum 299v v asociaci s různými cereálními substráty, a později bylo studováno totéž také ve směsi fermentované cereální komponenty s běžně dostupným ovocným džusem. K tomu, aby se dosáhlo optimálních podmínek fermentace, je třeba vzít v úvahu několik aspektů. Hlavní role při konceptování nového fermentovaného produktu patří především zpracování a taktéž kompozici surového materiálu, růstové kapacitě a produktivitě bakteriální kultury a stabilitě finálního produktu během skladování (De Vuyst, 2000). Tyto parametry jsou důležité hlavně ze strany výrobců. Krom toho jsou tu ale i zákazníci, pro něž je přijatelnost produktu založena z velké části na organoleptických vlastnostech finálního probiotického produktu, tj. aromatu a chuti. Přítomnost a dostupnost různých jednotlivých nutrientů, která byla obsažena ve fermentačním médiu výsledkem rozdílných použitých cereálních substrátů, pravděpodobně vyústila v odlišnosti metabolických drah, což pak později mohlo způsobit rozdíly v organoleptických vlastnostech finálního produktu.
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Methods for the determination of radiological impact of the food chains
Tesař, Jakub ; Bartusková,, Miluše (referee) ; Havránková, Barbora (advisor)
The diploma work presents comprehensive overview of methods of determination of radiological impact on food chains. It describes the determination of radionuclides in groceries in common radiation situation and in unusual radiation situation. Practical part of the work presents two model radiation events. These are radiation event in the territory of Czech Republic and radiation event in the territory of other country and its impact on Czech Republic. In the end both model situations are compared.
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The parasitoid community of two microlepidopteran species living on hops
Hovorka, Tomáš ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Libra, Martin (referee)
Interactions between parasitoids, phytophagous insects and their host plants play one of the crucial role in the trophic relationships of terrestrial food webs. According to current knowledge, more than half of all known terrestrial species are part of this food web (parasitoids- herbivores-plants). In many species of herbivore hosts, interactions with parasitoids have led to the evolution and diversification of different defense strategies. An example of a primary defense strategy against predators and parasitoids is the formation of shelters such as leaf mines, leaf cocoons or galls. These strategies are a key factor influencing the composition of the parasitoid community. In this thesis, the complex of parasitoids in two microlepidopteran species with different life strategies living on hops (Humulus lupulus) was investigated. The caterpillars of Caloptilia fidella (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae) first mine within leaves of hops, later, when they start to feed exophagously, they create leaf rolls and cocoons on the outer surface of the leaf. Caterpillars of the species Cosmopterix zieglerella (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) remain in the mine throughout their larval development. The obtained parasitoids were identified both based on morphology and with the help of two gene fragments, namely CO1 and...
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Proposals of Practical Excercises in Zoology Based on Protists and Invertebrates from Freshwater Aquaria
Talavášková, Barbora ; Mourek, Jan (advisor) ; Říhová, Dagmar (referee)
This thesis deals with proposals for practical exercises using freshwater aquaria in teaching elementary schools and junior high schools that focus on protozoa and invertebrates. The main aim of the thesis is to propose practical exercises using elements of inquiry-based science education. Using identification cards of protozoa and microscopic invertebrates, pupils can learn about these organisms during laboratory exercises with microscopes. A total of fourteen cards with representatives of protozoa, invertebrates, algae and cyanobacteria typical of freshwater aquariums are presented. Each of the identification cards contains a basic description, as well as a procedure for the pupils to observe and draw the organism. They are accompanied by a photograph, a pen drawing and a QR code that links to a video of the observation of the representative under the microscope. Another proposal is a practical exercise focusing on the food chain of standing water. Also included is a worksheet focusing on independent laboratory work by students on water quality analysis using the Pasco laboratory technique. The contribution of this work is the actual experience of setting up a school freshwater aquarium. The process of setting up the aquarium and investigating it is described in this thesis. The succession of...
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Výskyt vrtule ořechové a intenzita napadení ořešáku královského
Kabelková, Karolína
The occurrence of the walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa was monitored in 2022 at 60 locations in the Czech Republic. The study was divided into two parts – Own experiment (5 locations) and the NAJDI.JE project experiment (55 locations), where two variants were tested - sticky traps (37 locations) and sticky traps with spray (18 locations). The occurrence was monitored mainly using yellow sticky traps in five periods. Part of the NAJDI.JE project experiment was the testing of the effectiveness of the spray, which contained the Mospilan 20 SP agent with the active substance acetamiprid and the food attractant Combi-protec. During the Own experiment, a total of 1,638 walnut fruit fly individuals were caught – most in Moravany (715). During the NAJDI.JE project experiment, a total of 28 680 individuals of the walnut husk fly were caught - the most in the South Moravian region (22 661). The highest average number of individuals per a sticky trap was recorded in Moravany (28,6) and South Moravian Region (19,86). The highest numbers of individuals were captured in the last, fifth period – Dvorska (227), South Moravian Region (6 545). The variant used and the height of the sticky trap placement had no effect on the number of captured individuals of the walnut husk fly. The experiment’s impact on fruit damage was confirmed regarding the variant. In both experiment variants (sticky traps vs. sticky traps with spray), the damage was reduced – sticky traps by 0,78 degrees, sticky traps with spray by 0,69 degrees. The experiment had an effect of increasing the yield in both variants of the experiment – sticky traps by 2,23 kg, sticky traps with spray by 12,54 kg. With regard to the variant, the effect of sticky traps was evaluated as follows – sticky traps (2,11), sticky traps with spray (2,2). For sticky traps with spray, the spraying efficiency was rated 2,7.
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