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Phylogeography and adaptive evolution of the grey wolf
Veselovská, Lenka ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Fornůsková, Alena (referee)
Grey wolf is a highly mobile top predator, a keystone and umbrella species within ecosystems throughout the Holarctic area. The occurrence of wolves' populations is influenced by glacial history, environmental conditions and human activity. Nowadays, wolves are returning to a man-altered country where they were exterminated, and they are adapting to human dominated landscape. People have largely contributed to its extinction in many areas around the world, resulting in a decline in genetic diversity. Due to different demographic and environmental conditions, many different lineages have evolved, which can be distinguished based on morphological and genetic analyses. Climatic factors can result in the formation of ecotypes, which become heritable and genetically distinguishable. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the phylogeography and adaptive evolution of the grey wolf in the context of genetic, geographical and morphological combination data. Keywords: grey wolf, Canis lupus, phylogeography, ecotypes, adaptive evolution
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Conservation genetics of grey wolf and snow leopard: effect of landscape attributes to the population structure
Benešová, Markéta ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Kreisinger, Jakub (referee)
Landscape genetic approaches allow to study effects of landscape to population microevolution. Landscape can influence gene flow even in large carnivores with good dispersal ability. Understanding the influence of landscape to the gene flow between populations is crucial for species conservation, especially in the species with low population densities. Aim of the study was to describe genetic structure of the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in selected areas and to determine the influence of the landscape features on observed structure. Non-invasive genetic samples of snow leopard from Nepal were analysed, as well as invasive and non-invasive samples of grey wolf from Central Europe. Population structure was determined a posteriori using Bayesian clustering approaches that integrate genetic and geographical data, and compared to landscape connectivity models. Population structure of snow leopards is mostly influenced by human presence and presence of frequented roads, which represent a substantial dispersal barrier. Habitat suitable for this species is greatly restricted by altitude, however, during dispersal they are able to overcome areas with higher elevation than what is optimal for them. Pronounced genetic difference was found between central European and Carpathian...
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Výskyt velkých šelem ve vybraných oblastech moravských a slovenských Západních Karpat
Greguš, Štefan
The research The occurance of large carnivores in areas of Moravian and Slovak Western Carpathians focused on field study of carnivores European brown bear Ursus arctos, gray wolf Canis lupus and Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in Velká and Malá Fatra (Slovakia). The study was held from August 2014 till February 2016. During 23 field control were identified 12 presence traits or evidences from all three species. Apparently, there are 10 individuals of wolf, 73 bears and probably 13 individuals of lynx in Velká Fatra. Between 5 and 8 wolfs, 8 individuals of lynx and probably 65 bears in Malá Fatra.
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Geographical analysis of distribution of large carnivores in the moravian Carpathians - applications for environmental education
Šťovíčková, Kateřina ; Romportl, Dušan (advisor) ; Matějček, Tomáš (referee)
Large carnivores are the most important bio-indicators. Their current distribution is connected to large complexes of mountain forests with low-intensity anthropogenic interference. In the Czech Republic, the Moravian Carpathians are presently home to large carnivores such Lynx lynx, Canis lupus and Ursus arctos. This region is also significant in that it connects regions of current large carnivore populations with regions suitable for potential population expansion. Geographical analysis of the distribution of large carnivores in the Moravian Carpathians revealed a positive correlation between carnivores and the mountain forest near the border of Slovakia. Studies for predilection for land cover and geographical relief as well as the influence of human activity were carried out. It was found that Lynx lynx, Canis lupus and Ursus arctos preferred a region with a low human population density and minimal roads. Future spread depends on the conservation of landscape permeability between areas. This work concentrates mainly on the problem of landscape fragmentation, and how spatial and line barriers can cause the loss of biodiversity. A return of large carnivores to our forests will only be possible if road corridors will be designed with respect to the carnivores' habitat requirements, and also through...
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Population structure of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Říhová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Pivnička, Karel (referee)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus), is historicaly the most widespread carnivore with the former range including most of the northern hemisphere. The ambivalent relationship of humans to this predator resulted in extermination of this species in many areas, on the other hand led to the evolution of the dog, unique domesticant with vast phenotypic variation. The effort of conservation biology in last decades resulted in the shift of perception the role of big carnivores in ecosystems, with consequent recolonization of many regions by wolf, including the Czech republic. This changes brings the elevation of interest in this taxon by both experts and laymans. Present review aims to assemble published information regarding distribution, phylogeography, population structure, social and spatial behaviour of the gray wolf. The chapters describing the domestication process of the dog and hybridization with his wild ancestor are included.
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Reintroduction of Grey wolf in the USA
Myslivcová, Markéta ; Fiala Šebková, Naděžda (advisor) ; Chmelíková, Eva (referee)
This bachelors study Reintroduction of Grey wolf in the USA summarizes known facts about species Grey wolf (Canis lupus) in its first part. It describes problems in taxonomic system, lists wolf subspecies, describes its natural home range and habitat, morphology, social behavior and pack structure, ethology, reproduction and process of raising wolf pups, hunting techniques, eating habits, and wolf and human relationships.
Wolves as top predators play a key role in natural ecosystem and a big part of this work focuses on benefits of wolf presence in natural habitat. These benefits are for example higher biodiversity and natural balance. The second part of the paper focuses on wolves in the USA. It describes in detail a history of wolf presence in the lower 48 states, the causes of wolf eradication caused by humans, and following controversial reintroduction. It describes the recovery of Eastern timber wolf, Mexican wolf, and the recovery of Grey wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains in detail. Creation of the endangered species act in 1973 triggered the wolf reintroduction in the USA. The purpose of the Endangered species act, as described by the congress, is to reestablish a population of a species listed as endangered and to protect its natural habitat. The Grey wolf was listed ad endangered in 1974, and plans of reintroduction started to form immediately. This work describes the process of reintroduction, its impact on the environment, and also problems it brings to the society. These problems are for example depredation of livestock, danger to pets and possible decline of game species as elk and deer . It also describes current population size and population management
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Monitoring velkých šelem (Lynx lynx, Canis lupus, Ursus arctos) a odhad jejich početnost ve vybraných oblastech západních Karpat
Greguš, Štefan
This bachelor thesis describes the monitoring of large carnivores in Western Carpathians. The actual monitoring began in November 2012 and continued until April 2014. The explored monitoring territory covers the area from NP Malá Fatra over the PLA Beskydy up to the boundaries of Vizovické Hills and the White Carpathians. During the monitoring were recorded the residence marks of large carnivores. Attention was paid mainly to lynx (Lynx lynx) and other carnivores such as, brown bear (Ursus arctos) and wolf (Canis lupus). Last two carnivores do not have permanent population in Czech republic and it is difficult to find their residential characters. Further was compared the usage of migration corridors in the area of Lidečko and Střelná by the large mammal animals. Finally by the usage of photo traps the threeyear old lynx male called "Olda" territory was successfully mapped.
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Evaluation of breeding of wolf (Canis lupus) in the C. R.
PRŮŠOVÁ, Zdenka
The aim of my study was to evaluate breeding of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in human care in the Czech Republic based on the data from the Union of Czech and Slovak Zoos (UCSZOO) Yearbooks and the data from individual zoos. After processing the data from the yearbooks since 1973 till 2012, I visited zoos´ and evaluated e. g. size of wolf-run, diet composition, chance to create a pack. The following subspecies C. l. lupus, C. l. pambasileus, C. l. occidentalis, C. l. arctos, C. l. signatus and individuals without determining the subspecies have (or were) bred in the Czech Republic. The first wolf reared in captivity in the Czech Republic was female of C. l. lupus (named Lota) in the Prague Zoo alredy in 1931. Nowadays nine zoos in the Czech Republic (two of them are not members of the UCSZOO) and three Slovak zoos (all members of the UCSZOO) breed wolves in captivity. Number of grey wolves that are bred in captivity is still growing. There were 102 grey wolves (87 within UCSZOO, 7 out of UCSZOO and 8 in private breedings) bred at the beginning of 2013. Number of grey wolves bred in evaluated zoos represented 12% and 7% of wolves bred in human care in Europa and in the world, respectively. Most of the individuals (48) were kept in the Olomouc Zoo. This zoo is simultaneously the only one which bred three subspecies of grey wolf. The most common subspecies of grey wolf kept in captivity is C. l. arctos, in the Czech Republic. Only the Olomouc Zoo and the Brno Zoo have bred this species in the Czech and Slovak Republic since 2006. There were recorded 93 grey wolves born in the UCSZOO member zoos with 74 % rearing success during the entire evaluated period (1984 2012).
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