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Comparison of the real and idealised human airways model
Roupec, Michal ; Elcner, Jakub (referee) ; Forman, Matěj (advisor)
The purpose of this thesis is to find basic parametres of idealized geometrical lung models – Weibel’s and Horsfield’s and to measure length and diameters of each pipe from trachea to 4th generation of bifurcation. Using 3D model (scanned casting of bronchial tree of man) measure matching diameters and lengths of airways and compare them with lengths and diameters of both models. Define bifurcation angles and total geometry of real lungs. Calculate Reynolds number knowing velocity in some of the airways for real lungs and both models and compare them.
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Deposition of environmental dust particles
Bělka, Miloslav ; Pospíšil, Jiří (referee) ; Jedelský, Jan (advisor)
This work is aimed at deposition of fibers, which are able to penetrate deeper in the human respiratory airways and cause health hazards. Opening chapters are dedicated to classification of aerosols, human lung anatomy basics and methods for measurement of micrometer-sized aerosols. An experiment was carried out to investigate the deposition of fibers. Fibers were delivered into the silicon cast of the human airways and data of deposition fraction and efficiency were acquired. A new method was established to acquire the data. This method works on a principle of image analysis. Results of the new method were compared with a standard method, which follows a methodology NIOSH 7400.
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Transluminace plic - hledání solitárních plicních uzlů pomocí IR záření
Votruba, Jiří ; Drahanský, Martin ; Goldmann, Tomáš
Tento článek obsahuje popis vývoje zařízení s metodikou pro transluminaci plicní tkáně s cílem nalezení solitárních plicních uzlů s minimalizací zátěže pro pacienta. Zařízení na prosvětlování plicní tkáně je založeno na infračerveném světle a bronchoskopu (či trokaru), který umožňuje přenos infračerveného záření po průsvitu tkání do kamery. První pokusy byly provedeny na vepřových plicích ex vivo, pokračovali jsme přes vepřové plíce in vivo, nyní se plánuje testování na pacientech.
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Helminths in the mammalian lungs: migration strategies and pathology
Butula, Dan ; Majer, Martin (advisor) ; Novák, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis summarizes the knowledge about the migration strategies of medically important pulmonary helminths and their laboratory models and describes the pulmonary pathology caused by these helminths. Helminths typically enter the lungs within hours or days after infection and often migrate from the lungs to other body organs. Certain species migrate through the lungs intravascularly (schistosome larvae and in certain cases filarial larvae), but others enter the lung parenchyma directly (roundworm larvae, Strongyloides hookworms, adults of Paragonimus flukes, and the metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus) or colonise the pleural cavity (adults of Litomosoides sigmodontis and young adults of Paragonimus flukes). This, together with the time spent in the lungs, influences the pathology caused. During this time, mechanical damage to the lung tissue, granuloma formation, infiltration of immune cells, emphysema formation, remodelling of lung tissue and blood vessels, and more can occur. Excretory secretory products of helminths contribute significantly to the pathology, which, among other things, are used as a tool to modulate host immunity and shape the migratory pathway through the lungs. This topic is of particular importance in terms of elucidating the pulmonary processes that are...
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Dechová rehabilitace u pacientů operovaných pro spontánní pneumothorax
DOLANSKÝ, Petr
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of respiratory therapy after surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air or other gas in the pleural cavity. Patients experience high dyspnea, soreness, decreased respiratory parameters and changes in posture. The aim of the work was to map the possibility of respiratory rehabilitation in patients operated for spontaneous pneumothorax and to propose a procedure for respiratory rehabilitation in these patients. The theoretical part briefly describes the anatomy of the chest, describes the primary and auxiliary inspiratory and expiratory muscles. Furthermore, the problem of pneumothorax, its division, diagnosis, symptomatology, conservative and surgical treatment are described. At the end, the breathing rehabilitation techniques and other physiotherapeutic concepts, that can be used in patients after spontaneous pneumothorax surgery, are discussed. The practical part had been done in the form of qualitative research, in which three patients that were operated for spontaneous pneumothorax participated. Kinesiological examination took place the first day after the surgery. It consisted of the muscle test according to Janda, goniometric measurement of active range of motion in shoulder joint, anthropometric measurment of chest development, measurement of maximum inspiratory pressures using a Micro RPM, Borg's CR10 scale and measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation. In the following days, the therapy itself took place, ending with a final kinesiological examination. The measured values were compared with each other. Improvements were achieved in all probands, so it can be argued that the therapy had a positive effect.
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Possibilities of pulmonary rehabilitation for oncological patients after lung resections
ŠVEC, Martin
The lung carcinom is one of the most common types of cancer in male population of the Czech Republic. The usual signs are chest pain, stuffiness, hoarseness and coughing. Lobectomy is usually done to the patients with smaller tumors. It is important to ensure the right preoperative education of the excercises. The priority after the operation is pain therapy, removal of the increased amount of phlegm, support of expectoration, improvement of the ventilation parameters and prevention of post-operative complications. The selected objective of this thesis was to map the problematics of pulmonary rehabilitation of oncological patients after lung resections and also to suggest an approach to the pulmonary rehabilitation of oncological patients after lung resections. The theoretical part describes the anatomy of primary and auxiliary respiratory muscles, the characteristics of the lung carcinoma and its chirurgical therapy and the techniques of pulmonary rehabilitations including different physiotherapeutic concepts like soft and mobilization techniques, the Brügger concept, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and kinesiotaping. The practical part is consisted of qualiative research in which three oncological patients after the lung resetions participated. The research includes trigonometric and anthropometric examinations, muscle test, measurement of maximal exhaling and maximal inhaling pressure, the Borg's scale of percieved exertion and saturation of hemoglobin from oxygen. The therapy began the day before operation and ended before discharge on the seventh to eighth day. The results went back to previous values before the operation in some of the parameters and there were no negative effects of the therapy. It is safe to say that the therapy had a positive effect on the patients without any complications.
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The development of death rates due to selected neoplasms in the European union between the years 1996-2010
Chaloupka, Ondřej ; Burcin, Boris (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
In all of the developed countries, malignant neoplasms are, along with cardiovascular diseases, among the most frequent causes of death. This tendency persists in the European Union countries for many years. The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyze the development of mortality caused by selected malignant neoplasms in the European Union countries from the year 1996 until 2010. The analysis is divided into 4 sections. Aside from standard demographic methods of evaluating the mortality rates by means of age-adjusted death rates calculation, statistical methods are used in this thesis as well. Primary methods used are Joinpoint regression, analysis of the course of specific death rates according to age groups and cluster analysis. In the observed period of time, mortality caused by stomach, cervical, and within the male population also respiratory tract malignant neoplasms declines. On the contrary, within the female population, the death rate caused by respiratory tract malignant neoplasms increases. Malignant skin melanoma represent a great future danger concerning the male population, and malignant pancreatic neoplasms concerning both genders. Over the observed time period, malignant skin melanoma death rate almost doubled in some of the countries. Within the European Union, the variations...
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Study of inflammation using epithelial cells
Majerová, Barbora ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Koblihová, Jitka (referee)
The human respiratory system is in constant contact with heterogeneous agents from the environment. There must be effective mechanical lung barriers and sufficient immune protection due to continuous deposition of various substances in the respiratory system. The mutual balance between the mechanisms of natural and adaptive immunity of the lungs is essential for destruction of infectious agents without initiation of inflammatory response. Overreaction of the immune system of the lungs may lead to the production of various inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18. When determining the immunogenicity of a substance, it has to be exposed to lung epithelial cells, and then the concentration of cytokines produced is measured. To determine the immunogenicity of mammalian immunoglobulin G and chicken immunoglobulin Y the subsequent twenty-four hour exposure to A549 lung cancer cell line was made. Concentration measurement of cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 was performed using Luminex method, which pointed out the immunogenicity of goat immunoglobulin G and certain chicken immunoglobulins Y.
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The role of microRNA in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension
Tichý, Václav ; Hampl, Václav (advisor) ; Kolář, David (referee)
Pulmonary Arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating progressive disease that significantly decreases quality of life and has the average survival rate of only few years. One of the significant initiators of PAH is chronic hypoxia. After more than six decades of research that was initiated in 1946 by von Euler and Liljestrand, a new group of potential regulators of this pathology was discovered, that became heavily studied in the last five years. They are highly conserved molecules belonging to non-coding RNA. These 19-23 nucleotides long microRNA (miRNA) act as negative regulators of expression on various proteins. Many of them regulate traditional signalling pathways of hypoxic PAH (HIF-1, BMPR2) and miRNA is in turn regulated by other signalizations. Together, that creates an interconnected network of direct and indirect interactions and feedback loops, that we need to study in order to understand hypoxic PAH. This thesis summarizes findings about important miRNA molecules from the last few years and elucidates part of these regulatory mechanisms on several miRNA molecules (miR-17-92, miR-21, miR-210, miR-204 a miR143/145).
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