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The role of nitric oxide in mice infected with Trichobilharzia regenti, the neuropathogenic schistosome
Šmídová, Barbora ; Macháček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Panská, Lucie (referee)
Nitric oxide (NO) has been proved to reduce parasite burden in vertebrates infected with Schistosoma, Fasciola, Brugia or Taenia. NO negatively influences parasite growth and development, which then leads to smaller parasite-caused damage to the liver during schistosomosis and stimulates healing processes in muscles infected with Toxocara canis. Peroxynitrite, formed from NO and superoxide, significantly reduces the viability of F. hepatica adults. In case of T. regenti, the neuropathogenic schistosome, the cells capable of NO production (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, microglia and astrocytes) migrate to the site of the infection suggesting that NO might affect T. regenti infection as well. Therefore, the production of NO and its effect on the course of the infection was examined in vivo and the effect of peroxynitrite on T. regenti schistosomula was examined in vitro to assess the role of reactive nitrogen species during the infection. Our results from in vivo experiments demonstrate that although the infection did not significantly elevate nitrite/nitrate results in the sera, NO is locally produced in the early stages of the infection in both the skin and the spinal cord as shown by immunohistochemical detection of inducible NO synthase. Diminishing NO production by aminoguanidine...
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Implementation of Immunohistochemical and Molecular-Genetic Methods in Differential Diagnosis of Urogenital and Gynecologic Tract Lesions
Ondič, Ondrej ; Hes, Ondřej (advisor) ; Mandys, Václav (referee) ; Vernerová, Zdeňka (referee)
This thesis focuses on gynecopathology. It consists of a collection of seven papers published in pathology journals with impact factor. Introduction section contains selection of examples showing scientific application of molecular genetic methods. Further on the aims of individual research projects are described. The first project comprises histomophologic study of skin endometriosis addressing "mullerian" differentiation. A case report of a rare tumor namely borderline papillary serous tumor of the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube follows with molecular genetic analysis of KRAS, BRAF and p53 gene mutation status. Prospective longitudinal study on high grade squamous dysplasia (HSIL) of the cervix in HPV vaccinated women, so called DAV (dysplasia after vaccination), aims to elucidate pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Two other studies focus on incidence of fumarate hydratase deficient leiomyomas of the uterus and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome (HLRCC). The aim of those studies is to improve our diagnostic capability and increase detection rate of the patients with HLRCC syndrome. Finally a new subtype of HSIL namely bizarre cell dysplasia is described in two separate studies. Conclusion remarks contemplate the role of molecular genetics in surgical pathology.
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Correlation of Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biologic Methods in The Diagnosis of Tumors
Michal, Michael ; Skálová, Alena (advisor) ; Rychlý, Boris (referee) ; Zambo, Iva (referee)
This thesis is a collection of commentaries on altogether 13 first-authored and 20 co- authored publications where morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular genetic methods were used to provide novel clues for arriving at an accurate diagnosis of tumors, as well as to propose novel approaches and refinement of classification of certain tumors. The presented manuscripts are the result of the postgraduate studies of MUDr. Michael Michal at the Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen in the period between 2015-2018. The author focused the main part of his research, particularly his first-authored manuscripts, on soft tissue tumors but also largely participated in research activities focusing on other body systems. Over the course of his studies, four main areas of interests within the topic of soft tissue pathology emerged. The first is oriented on soft tissue tumors of presumed (but unconfirmed) fibroblastic lineage. First two publications regard two related low-grade sarcomas called Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) and Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT). In the first manuscript, a high-grade variant of the former is described. The latter publication is focused on the morphological and IHC similarities between both MIFS and PHAT. The third and...
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Immunopathology aspects and new treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis
Bartoňová, Michaela ; Šenolt, Ladislav (advisor) ; Drbal, Karel (referee)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, which affects joints. It significantly affects the quality of life and is associated with increased mortality. Although its etiology is not fully known, it is believed that both genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in its outbreak. Knowledge of these risk factors helps us to determine the risk of RA outbreaks in vulnerable populations and provides us with knowledge about possible prevention. Pathogenesis of RA is caused by activated mesenchymal cells and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, such as endothelial cells, synovial fibroblasts, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes. It is an incurable disease, but there are several medications, which improve disease activity or can even cause remission. Great success has been observed in biological treatment and inhibitors of Janus kinases. In some cases, the response to this relatively new therapy is not sufficient, and new drugs based on other mechanism should be developed. Examples include inhibition of granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor, inhibition of interleukin 6 or interleukin 17 and bispecific antibodies. There is a growing importance of biosimilar drugs, which would make treatment, thanks to a lower price,...
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Pathological gambling
Šimůnková, Nikola ; Dočkal, Jan (advisor) ; Mašát, Vladimír (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the problem of pathological gambling as a socio- pathological phenomenon. The aim of this work is to gather and sum up information about pathological gambling. First chapter of this work is devoted to the characteristics of pathological gambling as a socio-pathological phenomenon. This chapter also deals with types of socio-pathological phenomena and the causal theory. Next chapter focuses on the definition of pathological gambling, types of games and causes of pathological gambling. Third chapter describes the impact of pathological gambling to the gambler's family and the gambler itself. Gambler typology and phases of pathological gambling are also mentioned. Methods and types of prevention, as well as high-risk groups, are described in fourth chapter. Fifth chapter deals with pathological gambling treatment, including brief description of each treatment method. To supplement the gathered information, interviews with former pathological gambler and dr. Karel Nešpor, addiction treatment specialist, are included in this work. Keywords player, gambling,pathologicalgambling, prevention, treatment, gamble,hazard, pathology
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Spirituality and Mental Disorder: The Role of Spirituality in the Lives of People with Experience of Psychosis
Motl, Jiří ; Říčan, Pavel (advisor) ; Smékal, Vladimír (referee) ; Janošová, Pavlína (referee)
D I S E R T A Č N Í P R Á C E Autor: Mgr. Jiří Motl Spiritualita a duševní nemoc Role spirituality v životě lidí se zkušeností s psychotickým onemocněním Spirituality and Mental Disorder: The Role of Spirituality in the Lives of People with Experience of Psychosis Abstract The dissertation investigates the relationship of mental illness and religion. It focuses on the role of spirituality in people with experience of psychosis. In the theoretical part, the problem of drawing the line between pathological and normal spirituality is discussed, stressing the importance of a functional point of view and the need for a dialogic relationship with the ill person. The theoretical part goes on with mapping the potential of spirituality in the recovery process. Spirituality often helps the afflicted to perceive their illness as a meaningful process, making it easier to cope with the illness. At the end of the theoretical part, four alternative or complementary conceptual frameworks are presented. The empirical part consists of a qualitative research of nine subjects (believers with the experience of psychosis). The data collection and analysis is based mainly in the IPA method (interpretative phenomenological analysis). The research aims to map how mental illness affected the subjects' spirituality and vice versa....
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Copper and its pato/physiological importance in human organism
Bechná, Klára ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Hrdina, Radomír (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Klára Bechná Supervisor: Přemysl Mladěnka, PharmD., Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Copper and its pato/physiological importance in human organism Copper is an indispensable trace element of our organism. This thesis summarizes the current knowledge about copper, its role in the human body and diseases connected with copper dysbalance. The first part of the thesis deals with the physiological aspects. Functions of copper in the body are described here in detail, in particular the structure and properties of copper- containing enzymes - so-called cuproenzymes. The next section summarizes the current knowledge of the kinetics of copper in the body at the cellular and whole-body levels, including interactions with other trace elements. Details are also presented for each of the factors involved in the homeostasis of copper in the human organism. The second part of the thesis deals with patophysiology of copper. It is focused on the most important diseases that are directly linked to disorders of copper homeostasis in the organism. The greatest emphasis is given mainly on two of them - Wilson's disease and Menkes disease. The former is associated with an excess of copper in the body while...
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Morphology of Fascioloides magna life stages and histopathological changes in selected species of definitive hosts
Košťáková, Monika ; Kašný, Martin (advisor) ; Hodová, Iveta (referee)
Fascioloides magna is a trematode originating in North America. It is a significant pathogen, especially in cervids, but it can also infect ruminants kept for agricultural purposes.Adult trematodes are found in the liver tissue of their definitive hosts, where they can survive for a long period of time and produce large quantity of eggs. Those are passed through bile ducts and intestine with feces into the external environment. This thesis is focused on the morphology of individual developmental stages of F. magna. To this date only very limited number of literary resources concerning the topic had been published. Recorded results are compared with literary resources on Fasciola hepatica, a closely related trematode. The morphological characteristics of the individual developmental stages were studied by using histological, electron-miscroscopical and other methods (fluorescent labelling). The thesis also describes pathological changes of the definitive hosts' liver tissue. By means of the stated methods, the thesis expands the existing knowledge on the morphology of F. magna especially of surface structures and the distribution of the senzoric organs, some of which have been described for the very first time. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Eating Disorders from a gender perspective: disease, or part of life?
Kaválková, Kristýna ; Kolářová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Ezzeddine, Petra (referee)
Eating Disorders from a gender perspective: disease, or part of life? Bc. Kristýna Kaválková ABSTRACT This dissertation deals with a problem of "eating disorders", which are defined in medical literature, media and magazines as psychological disease, which relates to pathological way of dealing with food, body and himself/herself. It shows that that this area is not neutral from the gender point of view; eating disorders are usually women's matter. Based on semi-structured interviews within the framework of qualitative research, this work analyses opinions of women, who have experience with this, especially their experience of their physicality and daily life. It is also focused on how women perceive the presentation of eating disorders, which concerns them, in media, medical publications and society and how they interpret their status as those who are recovering from this illness. Women's testimonies point at the fact that their surroundings look at them as persons defined through their illness, as persons, who are exclusively connected with pathology and stigma. This view of surroundings, media and specialists, however, omit the diversity of human identities. It shows that women alone can interpret their experiences in different way. They perceive their eating disorder in the context of dominant discourse...
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