|
|
Needs of the patient undergoing radioiodine therapy
PAVLOVIČOVÁ, Adéla
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to map the needs of patients who are treated by radioiodine therapy. Two research questions were chosenin connection with the main objective of the thesis. The research questions are: "What are the specifics of the biological needs of patients undergoing radioiodine treatment?" and "What are the specifics of the psycho-social needs of patients undergoing radioiodine treatment?" The empirical part of the bachelor thesis was elaborated by method of qualitative research. The research itself was conducted in the form of semi-structured interview. Each interview consisted of 19 pre-repaired questions, which were supplemented by additional sub-questions, if it was possible. The interviews took place in the private environment of the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology. There were also made the audio recording of this interviews, based on the consent of all interviews. The recordings were rewritten and processed by using the open-coding method - ,,pencil-paper'' technique. There were 8 informants aged 19-72 years, in the research group. The results of the research are presented in the form of three categories and two of them are also divided into subcategories. The subcategories are shown schematically, because of the clarity. These thematically selected categories represent answers of the previously mentioned research questions of this bachelor thesis. The results of the research allow a complex view of the period before, after and also application the radioiodine. These results can be used like educational material for nurses who take care of patients with thyroid disease, or as s source of information for patients waiting for this treatment.
|
|
|
Breast cancer immunohistochemistry
HYŽÍKOVÁ, Sabina
In my bachelor thesis I deal with imunohistochemical examination of breast cancer. I performed the research at the Department of pathology at the hospital in Písek. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part In the theoretical part I deal with anatomical structure of the breast, clinical symptoms, diagnostics together with imaging methods. Next risk factors, including genetic and hormonal aspects of breast cancer. Prognosis and also by prevention of tumor development and subsequent treatment of this disease. I summarized the general classification of tumors representing staging and grading. I also described pathological structures of the breast as benign and malignant lesions. In the practical part I deal with the description of the immunohistochemical method, I focused on how the method works and especially how the whole histological process looks like. I worked with a total amount of 218 biopsy samples of breast tissue, which were subsequently stained with this method and I determined 5 markers (oestrogen and progesterone receptors, HER-2/Neu, Ki67 and E-cadherin), which were used in their diagnosis. Based on the negativity of ER, PR and HER-2/Neu, I evaluated fourteen triple-negative lesions. Hormone receptors showed numerous positive results more than negative ones, while HER-2/Neu expression showed only slightly higher positivity in hundred and twenty two cases compared to the remaining ninety six negative cases. The results of the practical part of my bachelor thesis was finding, that the most prevalent histologic subtype of breast cancer is the invasive ductal carcinoma, which was represented in one hundred and ninety two cases, another type was invasive lobular carcinoma represented in twenty two cases and six ductal carcinoma in situ. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to present a brief description of the issue of breast cancer and point out the representation of the most frequently diagnosed subtypes as well as to describe the execution of a method that is typical for detecting breast cancer-associated receptors.
|
|
|
The role of truncated PPM1D/Wip1 phosphatase in cancer
Martiníková, Andra-Stefania ; Macůrek, Libor (advisor) ; Souček, Pavel (referee) ; Mistrík, Martin (referee)
When encountering damage, the cells activate the DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathway and stop the cell cycle until the DNA is repaired. PPM1D/WIP1 phosphatase resumes the cell cycle after the damage has been repaired, by directly dephosphorylating DNA damage markers. The DDR pathway prevents genome instability or cancer development. Mutations in the Ppm1d gene encoding PPM1D result in an overstable and truncated protein observed both in cancer patients and in cancer cell lines. In this thesis, we used an "in-house" transgenic mouse model in which mutations in the exon 6 of the Ppm1d gene resulted in a truncated PPM1D protein. First, we observed high PPM1D levels and impaired DDR to gamma ionizing radiation (IR) in the mouse thymi having truncated PPM1D (Ppm1dT/+ ). We then bred the Ppm1dT/+ mice with the Trp53+/- heterozygote knock-out mice which are prone to thymic lymphoma. The Ppm1dT/+ Trp53+/- double-mutants had a higher frequency of developing IR-induced T-cell lymphomas, compared to the single Trp53+/- mutants. Moreover, truncated PPM1D leads to a defective cell cycle checkpoint activation in human non-transformed RPE cells (RPE1), which then proliferate despite the presence of DNA damage. RPE1 cells also display increased proliferation after replication stress. RPE1 or U2OS cells with...
|
|
|
Derivation and characterization of tumor cell lines labeled with fluorescent proteins
Majerová, Miriam ; Šmahel, Michal (advisor) ; Drbal, Karel (referee)
The effective treatment of cancer is hindered by the mechanisms of tumor cells allowing them to escape from immunosurveillance. One such mechanism is the downregulation of MHC I expression by tumor cells. As a result, CD8+ T lymphocytes are not able to eliminate tumor cells. These cells are often characterized by different expression of MHC I, which leads to the heterogeneity of the tumor environment. This thesis describes a production of a model of MHC I heterogeneity in tumors. Expression plasmids carrying genes for FP were created. Tumor cell lines TC-1, TC-1/A9 and TC-1/dB2m with different expression of MHC I molecules were successfully labeled with these plasmids. When monitoring stability of FP expression by these cell lines, a decrease was observed both in vitro and in vivo. The assumption that the cytokine environment of the tumor induces FP expression could not be confirmed because of unstable FP expression. In a tumor from a mixture of TC-1+TC-1/dB2m cell lines, it was possible to distinguish between these two lines based on the expression of β2m. In a mixture of TC- 1/A9+TC-1/dB2m lines, that could not be done due to the heterogeneity of TC-1/A9 MHC I expression. The use of combined immunotherapy showed the greatest impact on immune cell infiltration in tumors from a mixture of TC-1+...
|
|
|
High grade serous ovarian carcinoma: molecular background and platinum-based chemotherapy challenges
Ivančinová, Jana ; Heneberg, Petr (advisor) ; Brábek, Jan (referee)
Ovarian carcinoma (O.C.) represent a group of various disease entities derived from ovaries. The most common malignant gynaecological cancer is high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). HGSOC is associated with a high mortality rate due to its aggressive behaviour and insufficient early-stage detection. The survival rate has not been significantly improved since 1970s. The most effective treatment of HGSOC patients is by cytoreductive surgery (for early stages I/II) and followed by platinum-based chemotherapy (HGSOC presented in advanced stage III/IV) combined with taxane or potentially with PARP inhibitors (for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers). Multiple factors affect the patient's outcome and prognosis. Chemoresistance, molecular mutational patterns, stage at presentation of HGSOC are one of the clinical challenges contributing to common relapses even though patients often initially respond well to the HGSOC chemotherapy. This thesis overviews the fundamental biology of HGSOC, the major obstacles in clinical management and its improvements by implementing of multitherapy approaches. Key words: CA-125; platinum−based chemotherapy treatment; homologous recombination deficiency; ovarian carcinoma; resistance; Tp53; mortality; survival rate
|
|
|
Leukemic stem cells
Vobořil, Matouš ; Stöckbauer, Petr (advisor) ; Šídová, Monika (referee)
The biology of stem cells came to the foreground not only due to scientific but also due to clinical interest and it is one of the most developing fields of current biomedical research. The idea, that all tumor cells contain population of cells like stem cells, leads to the "cancer stem cells hypothesis". It says, that each tumor cell contains small population of cells capable to initiate and maintain the tumor growth. Tumors of the hematopoietic tissue were the first, where cancer or leukemic stem cells were isolated. Therefore, leukemic stem cells are so far the best understood cancer stem cells. However, despite the huge advances in the biology of leukemic stem cells, there are many properties still unknown. This thesis initially presents basic knowledges in the stem cell biology, including their origin and identification. Later it focuses on the stem cell hypothesis and describes of the main properties of stem cells in solid tumors. The main part of this thesis also shows in details the origin and properties of the leukemic stem cells and decribes some new directions in the targeted therapy of hematological malignancies.
|
|
|
Case report of therapeutic care patient after brain tumor surgery in the temporal lobe
Soukup, Petr ; Křížková, Štěpánka (advisor) ; Kozáková, Alena (referee)
Title: Case report of therapeutic care patient after brain tumor surgery in the temporal lobe Object of paper: The primary aim of this work is to describe the subject of CNS - tumors lokalized in the brain, specifically in the temporal lobe and subsequently a case study of a patient with this diagnosis, which was established during a hospital university-internship. Abstract: The general part deals with the theoretical information about the nervous system and brain tumors. Where as the specific part shows a case report of pateint after a brain tumor surgery in the temporal lobe. The materialis and the fundation of this bachelor dissertation were gathered at the neurological in-patient ward in regional hospital Kladno. Key words: Tumor, physiotherapy (physical therapy), central nervous system, temopral lobe (lobus temporalis)
|
|
|
The expression of miRNA in HPV-associated and HPV-independent head and neck tumors
Vojtěchová, Zuzana ; Tachezy, Ruth (advisor) ; Hejnar, Jiří (referee) ; Slabý, Ondřej (referee)
Head and neck cancers represent a group of tumors with two different etiologies. The first type is associated with the viral HPV infection, the second one is virus-independent and it is associated with smoking and alcohol consumption as two main risk factors. Numerous studies show that HPV-positive tumors are more frequent in younger patients, as well as that the prognosis and overall survival of these patients is remarkably better. Therefore, the modification of the treatment is considered. For this, however, specific, sensitive and clinically relevant biomarkers for accurate identification of tumor etiology is needed. Suitable candidates for such biomarkers are miRNAs, small non-coding regulatory molecules stable in archived samples, that have been shown as differentially expressed in human cancers and the expression pattern seems specific for tumors of different origin. The submitted thesis focuses on miRNA profiling in HPV-positive and HPV-negative tonsillar tumors and cervical carcinomas with the aim to find out the differences between regulation of important carcinogenetic pathways of tumors of viral and non-viral etiology. Our data have shown very large heterogeneity of the miRNA expression profiles of these tumors. Despite the well characterized and uniform samples collection, we have found...
|
|
|
Insulin like and other growth factors and tumors
Kučera, Radek ; Topolčan, Ondřej (advisor) ; Klimeš, Jiří (referee) ; Šafarčík, Kristian (referee)
Inzulinu podobné a jiné růstové faktory a nádory Insulin like and other growth factors and tumors Disertační práce Plzeň 2011 Mgr. Radek Kučera Summary The interaction between growth factors and cancer incidence and development has been discussed recently. First works suggesting possible connection between increased production of insulin like growth factors with an increased incidence of tumors came already from early 80s of the last century. The aim of my work was focused on evaluation of possible relation between insulin like growth factors or their binding proteins and tumors from different perspectives, to assess their significance and try to determine what role the IGFs and IGFBPs may play in the current tumor diagnostics. The work itself is divided into two parts, the theoretical and practical ones. In the theoretical part, I summarized the action of IGF in human body and also focused on previous findings on the role of IGF system in cancer diagnoses. In the practical part, divided into three subsections, I focused on investigation of relations in a large set of patients with different cancer diagnoses, in a group of women with breast cancer and, finally, I focused on changes of IGF1 levels during follow-up. Theoretical part Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are peptides, that participate on growth...
|
|
|
Methylation of the regulatory sequences of integrated and extrachromosomal form of HPV 16 in tonsillar tumors
Pokrývková, Barbora ; Tachezy, Ruth (advisor) ; Hubáček, Petr (referee)
Human papillomavirus is connected with induction of cervical carcinoma as well as for some other anogenital carcinomas and subset of carcinomas of head and neck. Presence of viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins may induce cell transformation, higher load of oncoproteins is caused by the regulatory E2 protein inactivation. Aims of recent study are mechanisms of E2 protein inactivation. One option is integration of viral DNA into the host genome, which is located into the E2 gene region. Some carcinomas, where virus with extrachromosomal form was presented, were found. It appears that epigenetic changes can play the role in the development of this type of tumors, especially DNA methylation or mutation in the regulatory region of the virus. The methylation degree analysis on samples of tonsillar carcinomas with extrachromosomal and integrated form of the virus was conduced, as well as viral load of both groups was compared and the expression of E6 and E7 gene was confirmed. The results of methylation analysis showed increased methylation of the virus with integrated DNA. Mutations in the E2 protein binding sites are not revealed. The expression of the viral oncogenes were confirmed in all tumors regardless of the form of the viral genome. The mechanism of tumors induction, especially for virus with...
|
guest ::
