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Zhodnocení vlivů působících na mléčnou produkci a cenu mléka ve vybraných podnicích
Spáčilová, Kristýna
The Diploma thesis was dealing with the evaluation of the factors affecting the milk production and the price of milk in the chosen companies. The data was obtained online from the results of performance monitoring and results of encashment milk. The price data was obtained from company´s basic records. The dairy cows were divided according to lactations 1. to 4., where the parameters of milk production, content of fat and protein were evaluated. Furthermore, the average monthly milk price in both companies was monitored over three years. Finally, both companies were evaluated basing on their economic situation. Analyses were running in programs Microsoft Excel and Statistica12. All dairy cows of both companies met the breeding plan of their breeds. The lowest milk production was measured from dairy cows at first lactation. The highest milk production had dairy cows on the third to fourth lactation. When comparing the breeds, the Holstein breed was superior in milk production, but with lower content of milk components (fat, protein) comparing to the Czech fleckvieh breed. High-yielding cows of the Holstein breed were more susceptible to the temperature of the environment. The decline in milk production was coming with the arrival of autumn and summer months. The content of milk components was higher in the cold months due to a negative correlation with the milk production. Content of milk components was also likely to be affected by the heat stress and changes in nutrition.
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Polymorphism of some enzymes as factor affecting milk fat composition
KLOJDA, Martin
The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine allele and genotype frequencies for g.10329C>T (A293V) polymorphism in the SCD1 gene in dairy cow populations, establish effects of this locus on milk production traits and fatty acids composition. At first, allele and genotype frequencies were determined. Subsequently the effect of this polymorphism on milk production traits was proved and effects of this polymorphism were demonstrated as well. For the determination allele and genotype frequencies the PCR/RFLP technique was applied. In this diploma thesis the effect of polymorphism g.10329C>T (A293V) on milk production traits was demonstrated as well as the effects of this polymorphism on fatty acids composition. The findings following from this diploma thesis show economical and health benefits of this SCD1 locus.
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Fatty acid composition of bovine milk and milk products
MAŠKOVÁ, Gabriela
The thesis deals with changes in proportion of fatty acids in bovine milk. The aim of this study was to assess the profile of fatty acids in milk and subsequently in yoghurt produced from it. The thesis also evaluates the influence of breeding management, breed as well as region. The results of the thesis confirmed that processing of milk into yoghurt has little to no effect on fatty acids profile and proportion of fatty acids is stable. Processing milk into yoghurt alters nutritional value of the product only minimally and the changes in fatty acids profile are not statistically relevant. Profile of fatty acids in the end product was mostly influenced by breeding management, where nutritionally most valuable milk and therefore yoghurt comes from grazing dairy cows. Breed itself has influence more over content of main elements, such as fat or protein content, in milk rather than over fatty acids profile. Influence of region tightly relates to breeding management where in highlands pasturing is more common and in lowlands it is more common to have dairy cows in stables.
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Vliv polymorfních variant kandidátního lokusu na spektrum mastných kyselin kravského mléka
ZÁHORKOVÁ, Jana
Global studies show the effect of polymorphism of selected genes on dairy production and fatty acid spectrum. The aim of the diploma thesis was genotyping of candidate FASN locus with a focus on milk yield and fatty acid spectrum depending on genotype. The thesis describes the characteristics of cow's milk, milk fat and fatty acids in milk fat. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the genome of cattle and the potential influence of polymorphism of candidate genes affecting fatty acids of milk fat. Genotypes for FASN were determined by the PCR-RFLP method, the milk yield of selected dairy cattle was statistically evaluated according to the milk production indices for 1st lactation in individual breeds, and the determination of fatty acids was performed by spectrophotometry followed by statistical evaluation. The resulting genotypes in selected breeds were only two, the GG genotype with a higher relative frequency than the genotype AG. There is no statistically significant difference between FASN genotypes depending on the milk yield and the fatty acids spectrum.
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Fatty acid composition of caprine milk and milk products
PECOVÁ, Lenka
Changes occur in milk during the technological processing of raw milk, which also affect the properties of milk fat. Dairy products may have different properties compared to the raw milk. Chemical and microbial processes can alter the presence and distribution of individual fatty acids and thus influence the nutritional value of the product. The aim of this thesis was to assess the presence of fatty acids in milk fat of goat milk and to evaluate differences in the spectrum of fatty acids in goat milk and yoghurt produced from it.
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Effect of feeding flaxseed on the quality of goat milk fat
Malá, Kateřina ; Fantová, Milena (advisor)
Type of feed, its quality, form of adjustments and feeding technique influence the composition and quality of milk. The share of milk components is highly variable, depending on nutrition and animal health. The greatest changes occurring in milk fat content. Milk fat is responsible for the natural flavor of milk. However, in terms of the modern world, human, saturated fatty acids contained in milk fat is considered negative active ingredient with the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease and the development of atherosclerosis in humans. Currently, therefore a growing demand for polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk as a healthy alternative. For this reason, an effort to influence the composition or the content of fatty acids in the milk of dairy animals. One way to significantly increase the content of desired MUFA and PUFA acids in milk fat is the use of oils and oilseeds in the ration. Very positive influence flaxseed, which among other things contains high levels of linolenic acid.
The aim of this work is to analyze and evaluate the milk fat of goats, which are fed with linseed in extruded form compared with a control group of goats without complementary food. It can assume that feeding flaxseed to increase milk fat content, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
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Effect of algae feeding on selected qualitative indicators of milk of small ruminants
Novotná, Klára ; Stádník, Luděk (advisor)
Milk fat is one of the most important components of goat milk. Another benefit of goat milk fat is its better digestibility in comparison with cow milk, which is caused by the smaller size of lipid micelles. Goat milk fat contains more lower fatty acids (caproic, caprylic and capric), which affect the production and processing of milk and cause specific flavor of goat's milk and dairy products. In recent years, the subject of many studies the possibility of increasing the content of other health beneficial fatty acids in goat milk, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Animal nutrition is a significant factor how to achieve these changes in the fatty acid profile of milk fat. For these purposes can be used as additives for certain species of algae which are the source of nutritionally valuable lipids with a high content of polyene fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The ability to change the composition of goat mikl fat, represents an opportunity for the development of new products. Functional foods, such as milk and dairy products enriched with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The aim of this work is to determine what effect the addition of selected algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Japanochytrium sp.) On milk production and representation of the components of milk, focusing on the composition of milk fat and fatty acid profile in goat milk. Attention was paid to reduction of saturated and increase the proportion of nutritionally beneficial unsaturated fatty acids, in particular n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Porovnání mléčné užitkovosti genotypů českého strakatého a holštýnského skotu chovaných ve stejných podmínkách
NOVÁKOVÁ, Hana
The basic prerequisite to the economic prosperity of an agricultural company specializing in dairy cows is maximum production of milk and, by extension, dairy by-products at minimal production costs. In order to achieve that it is necessary to have dairy cows with the potential to reach optimal dairy production in the conditions of the given agricultural company. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of genotype, lactation sequence, and age of the dairy cow at first calving on the parameters of her milk productivity. Our monitoring was conducted at a company named CIZ-AGRO, a. s., Cizkrajov. For our analysis, we used productivity data measured from October 2012 to February 2015, during which the cows ended at least one lactation period lasting 240 305 days. These input parameters were collected from a total of 495 dairy cows that had ended a total of 997 lactations. The compilation of lactations was subsequently sorted out by genotype and lactation sequence, and thereupon by genotype and age of the dairy cows at first calving. Thus classified groups were assessed by average milk production, dairy fat, milk protein per lactation, and percentage content of fat and protein in their milk. The obtained results were thereupon subjected to a statistical analysis. The highest average milk productivity per lactation (9283 liters) was achieved by dairy cows in the group H100 that calved first at the age of over 27 months; the lowest milk (6239.2 liters) was recorded with a C100 heifer. In the group classified by lactation sequence, the differences were not statistically significant, the groups classified by the age at first calving, the differences were less significant statistically (P<0.05). Evaluation of the percentage content of milk components as well as the overall production of milk components per lactation in the group of lactations classified by genotype and lactation sequence, there were no statistically significant differences between the individual groups identified. In the group of lactations classified by genotype and age at first calving, the result showed less significant differences (P<0.05) between the group evaluated by total milk fat productivity and milk protein content per lactation. Monitoring the percentage content of fat in the milk in relation to the genotype and age of the dairy cow at first calving recorded medium level of statistically significant differences between the groups (P<0.01).
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Vliv ročního období na složení a bod mrznutí mléka holštýnských dojnic ve vybraném chovu
Hájková, Kamila
The aim of the bachelor work was to evaluate the effect of season on major milk components of Holstein cows in the selected dairy farm. We monitored milk fat, pro-tein and freezing point. All avaible data and informations about milk composition, free-zing point of milk as well as history of the Holstein breed and animal recording were summarized in the literature review. Milk for subsequent analysis was collected every three months from spring to winter 2014 during animal recording in the Lesoňovice farm, which deals with raising Holstein cows. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory of applied lactology at the Institute of Animal Breeding of the Mendel University in Brno. Milk yield was determined through animal recording. We calculated average values of observed parameters for each season, and then compared with other periods. The results show that the influence of the season was most apparent in milk fat content and the freezing point of milk but less obvious in protein content.
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