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Genetická struktura mediteránních populací kaloně Rousettus aegyptiacus
Marešová, Tereza ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee)
5 Abstract The genus Rousettus represents the only fruit bat genus distributed both in Asia and Africa reaching northern distributional limits of the Pteropodidae family. This unusual distribution pattern is related to the ability of echolocation, subsequent cave dwelling and probably other thermoregulatory and behavioural adaptations to relatively cold and dry climate. Methods for identification of genetically discrete populations were used in the presented study to acquire better comprehension of historical ways of colonization along with current dispersal and migratory patterns of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in the Mediterranean basin and adjacent range patches. Modern approaches to population and landscape genetics were applied on a dataset comprising 553 individuals from 72 localities using 20 nuclear microsatellites. Our results revealed a significant genetic distance of East African individuals and certain substructure in the northern part of the range. Cypriot population is clearly separated, and - for higher K - the isolation of colonies from Egyptian oases is highly supported. Genetic proximity of south Arabian and Sinai populations contradict current taxonomy of the species. Our findings highlight the role of seas and deserts as barriers restricting gene flow and the evolution...
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Earlier evolutionary dead-ends, now the creators of a reproductive strategy: the origin and reproduction of the all-male water frog lineage Pelophylax esculentus
Doležálková, Marie ; Choleva, Lukáš (advisor) ; Mikulíček, Peter (referee) ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (referee)
Asexual modes of reproduction are usually based on the principle of copying (cloning) DNA from the female and passing it on to the offspring. For most asexually reproducing vertebrates the progeny develop from an unreduced and often unfertilised egg. This is driven by the mechanisms of parthenogenetic and gynogenetic reproduction. While in the former the clonal germ cell develops spontaneously and separately, in the latter a sexual partner is needed to activate the cleavage of the ovum, although without the fusion of the sperm and egg. Therefore in both cases there is no fertilization and the clonal progeny consist solely of daughters, hence the majority of previous studies have only focused on asexual female lineages. However, on rare occasions asexual clonal males can arise when the right fertilization occurs. Whilst these offspring are usually infertile, fertile diploid asexual males have been discovered in just three genera of hybrid origin in vertebrates. One of these unique cases is the European water frog complex of the genus Pelophylax, whose distribution includes the Czech Republic. In areas around the upper Odra River populations of hybrid males were recently discovered who form stable all-male lineages, similar to those formed by asexual females. The results of this study show that males produce...
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Internal structure of the Balkan refugium using Erinaceus roumanicus as a model organism
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Černá Bolfíková, Barbora (advisor) ; Zemanová, Barbora (referee)
The aim of this work was to describe the spatial distribution of genetic variability of the northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus), mainly within the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe, as these areas are crucial for understanding the effects of Pleistocene climate oscillations on the genetic architecture of the species. Based on this spatial distribution, hypotheses about the possible structuring of the Balkan refugia were formulated. A total of 260 individuals and 9 microsatellite loci were used for the analysis. Using the approach of landscape and population genetics several possible isolated subpopulations within the area surveyed were identified. Unique status was proved for a population originating from Crete, probably influenced by mechanisms of island evolution. Differences from the rest of the range were ascertained also in population from the Czech Republic, located in a secondary contact zone with the E. europeaus. The role of interspecific interactions and possible introgression should be considered in this case. In the area of Romania and the area south of the Balkan Peninsula the highest genetic distances between individuals were identified, probably associated with the occurrence of geographical barriers and the possible presence of glacial subrefugia. Other identified...
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Hybridization of crab apple with domestic apple trees
Portl, Jiří ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Prančl, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis summarizes known information about hybridization (anthropohybridization) crab apple with orchard apple. Next it follows up mainly genetic and morphometric methods that haven't been used in the hybridization studies yet. Crab apple (Malus sylvestris) is the only one wild species in Malus genus in Europe. However in the last few decades these populations are endangered by orchard apple (Malus ×domestica), that originates from central Asia. It often outspreads into the free nature and thereby closer to wild apple plants, that leads to easier hybridization of these two woods. This process leads up to decreasing number of genetically pure crab apple individuals and also to slow hybrid plants expansion. This trend, which was called anthropohybridization, can be observed also in the Prunus genus, where there hybridizes wild species European dwarf cherry Prunus fruticosa with tart cherry Prunus cerasus. Recent studies though refers to following genetic aspects of Malus domestica, namely formation by triple hybridisation. Several locations of crab apple were observed and analysed in Europe in the last few years for study of anthropohybridization degree with Malus ×domestica. There were observed hybrid plants in common with genetically pure Malus sylvestris. Key words: crab apple,...
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Impact of river system structure on the genetic diversity of reed populations
Fuxová, Gabriela ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kubátová, Barbora (referee)
Many plant species are closely related to river biotopes or to biotopes influenced by rivers. River systems create important linear corridors in ecosystems and directly or non-directly influence spatial spread of species in these environments. This offer many questions about species spread in this system. We can answer these questions by using molecular methods. Using 10 microsatellite (SSRs) primers, 202 individuals of Phragmites australis from 60 populations were analysed. Those analyses allowed reveal kinship of individuals, obtain information about spatial spread of populations and about spreading of common reed. Phragmites australis creates both - monoclonal and polyclonal - populations. Dependence of rate of clonality on environment was revealed. Populations from river banks are more monoclonal, populations from pond shores are more polyclonal. Populations are isolated. The highest percentage of variability was explained on among-population level. This is common for anemochoric species. Communication between populations is present, more on shorter distances. Evidence for vegetative spread was found on short distance. Generative spread is much more common. Long-distance spreading is mediated by generative diaspores - seeds. This spreading includes within-river spread, among-river spread and spreading...
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Detailed taxonomic and clonal structure of the Daphnia longispina species complex on the longitudinal gradient of the Želivka Reservoir
Stodola, Jakub ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Vaníčková, Ivana (referee)
Canyon shaped reservoirs are characteristic by specific environmental horizontal gradients, so they enable existence of several species of the Daphnia longispina complex in one water body. Due to preference of distinct environmental conditions Daphnia species occurre in the different localities. The aim of my thesis was to analyze detail taxonomical and clonal structure of Daphnia longispina group by ten microsatellite markers on longitudinal gradient and compare it between two consecutive seasons. Simultaneously I received newly discovered divergent mitochondrial lineage from Želivka reservoir. It was confirmed, that the distribution of species and their hybrids in water reservoir was non-concidental and the taxonomic spatial distribution is in two consecutive seasons relatively constant. On the contrary the spatial and temporal distribution of clones was very heterogeneous. Clonal diversity in the interspecific hybrids was lower than in the coexisting parental species. This finding supports the hypothesis, that there exist reproductive barriers between parental genomes. Most of the clones were substantively variable, but several clones that occurred in both seasons in similar localities were found. It is possible that some clones are able of overwintering in hypolimnion and in the spring...
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Development of Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix) microsatellite markers
Vaněčková, Dominika ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Burri, Marta (referee)
The aim of this work was the construction of set of microsatellites for the Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix). I succeeded in isolation of seven new specific microsatellites. Another microsatellite markers were passed from close relative galliform species (Galliformes). On the whole I gained 18 microsatellite loci which were used for study of population charakteristics of three partridge populations from Stodůlky, Písecko and Milešín. The analysis showed conspicuous structuredness of these populations and surprisingly low values (less then 100) of their effective population sizes. Seven of the microsatellites were chosen for analysis of paternity. Indeed I found the evidence of extrapair paternity in this putatively monogamous bird. Finally I conclude, on the basis of sequenation of mitochondrial control region that our populations belong to the western linage of mitochondrial DNA.
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Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Czech endemic taxa from the genus Dianthus
Kalůsková, Jana ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Abstract This MSc. thesis deals with karyological, genetic and phenotypic variation of selected taxa from the genus Dianthus L. in the Czech Republic and adjacent countries. The evolutionary history of the genus has been shaped by several microevolutionary processes, including interspecific hybridization, genome duplication, and edaphic speciation. These processes led to the origin of a number of phenotypically similar taxa, which are often restricted to a narrow geographic area. One subendemic and three endemic taxa occur in the Czech Republic. These (sub)species were used as model groups to gain insight into microevolutionary processes in small populations and the postglacial development of the genus in Central Europe. The thesis consists of three parts, each addressing different evolutionary phenomenon: Dianthus arenarius subsp. bohemicus is a critically endangered endemic psammophyte currently known from a single population in Central Bohemia. The site is also inhabited by widespread D. carthusianorum. Interspecific hybridization has been suspected on the basis of morphological characters, but this has never been confirmed by any other technique. I exploited differences in the number of chromosomes between both species and, with the aid of DAPI flow cytometry, estimated relative DNA contents of...
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Ecological consequences of polyploidization in populations of the wetland plant Butomus umbellatus
Rydlo, Jan ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Trávníček, Pavel (referee)
This thesis aimed on comparison of environmental requirements and morphological and biological traits of diploid and triploid cytotypes of wetland plant flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus), occurring in Eastern Slovak Lowland in unique mixed populations, and to develop primers for variable microsatellite loci suitable for further genetic studies. In total, 72 populations of Butomus umbellatus were found. The analysis of relative genome size by the flow cytometry (FCM) technique revealed 34 exclusively triploid cytotype populations, 8 exclusively diploid populations and 30 mixed populations of Butomus umbellatus. In mixed populations, the numbers of diploid and triploid individuals are quite equivalent and the plants create combined compact communities. Analyses of environmental characteristics of sites with specific cytotypes (PCA, RDA, ANOVA) revealed no difference in site requirements of diploid and triploid Butomus umbellatus plants. Morphometric analyses (PCA, CDA) of traits of 36 diploid and 54 triploid plants confirmed differing morphology of both cytotypes occurring in the nature. Subsequent replanting of these plants into pots and cultivation further increased these differences. The ratio of width and length of internal perianthium is the most reliable parameter to distinguish diploid and...
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Conservation genetics of Eurasian lynx in the Western Carpathians
Ungrová, Lenka ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Kaňuch, Peter (referee)
Robust monitoring combined with genetic analyses are important approaches to protect and manage large carnivore populations successfully. The aim of this master thesis is to analyse Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) population within whole Slovakia for the first time using 15 microsatellite loci. Noninvasive genetics is an effective tool for monitoring animal species with large home ranges and low population densities. Noninvasive samples including feces, hair, urine and buccal swabs were collected together with tissue samples from dead (mostly roadkill) individuals. 187 samples were collected between 2017-2019, resulting in 59 successful genotypes. Two samples were incorrectly determined in the field and excluded from further analyses since they were wildcat samples. For population genetics analyses and demography, the dataset from the "Veľké šelmy 2" project was extended with 98 genotypes in collaboration with the Institute of Vertebrate Biology CAS. Overall, 68 lynx individuals were detected in the dataset of 155 genotypes. Relatedness analysis resulted in 67 significant relationships of the first degree and 9 significant relationships of the second degree. These results suggest a high relatedness among the whole population. According to the present thesis, Slovakian lynx population has the third lowest...
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