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Selection of the risk sources and their assessment in the explosives operations
Hajný, Vít ; Tabas, Marek (referee) ; Kotek, Luboš (advisor)
The Master´s thesis concerns with the choice of sources of risks and their evaluation with storage of explosives. It is divided into four parts. The first two parts are research ones and they deal with accesses to the choice of sources of risks with storage of explosives and statutory requirements for explosives, their storage, manipulation and transport and then with the buildings, which the explosives are stored in. In the next part the accesses to selection and evaluation of sources of risks in real storage units are chosen and compared. In the final part there is the chosen methodology used in case studies.
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Fast separation of explosives by high performance liquid chromatography
Šesták, Jozef ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Kahle,, Vladislav (advisor)
The topic of the diploma thesis is fast separation of explosives by HPLC and development of miniaturized liquid chromatograph for application in a handheld explosives detection device. In this work the retention of some nitrated explosives and selectivity in reversed phase system as a function of mobile phase composition is studied while methanol, acetonitrile and acetone as an organic solvent is used. Best selectivity and good retention can be observed in methanol mobile phase. Acetonitrile and acetone are not suitable for fast isocratic separation of mixture containing pentaerythritol tetranitrate because of its strong retention. Efficiency and permeability of monolithic column (Chromolith CapRod RP-18e) and columns filled with superficially porous particles are compared (Kinetex 2,6 µm C-18, Poroshell 120 SB-C18). Monolithic column with satisfying efficiency and high column permeability is the most suitable solution for fast separation of explosives. Assuming use of explosives detection device in different conditions the separation was optimized on temperature 50 °C. Under these conditions the 35% v/v methanol gives good retention and selectivity. For very fast scan analysis of pentaerythritol tetranitrate or other nitroaromatics use of 70% v/v acetone mobile phase is suitable. Construction of miniaturized liquid chromatograph that enables preconcentration of explosives from aqueous solutions and fast separation in less than 1 minute is described. This concept will be incorporated into the handheld explosives detection device where the explosives vapor will be absorbed into the water and after the separation detected by chemiluminescence.
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Modern detection methods of energetic materials
Šesták, Jozef ; Bednařík, Karel (referee) ; Friedl, Zdeněk (advisor)
The review of modern detection methods of explosives was composed. Firstly the thesis deals with the detection methods commonly used in forensics science such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy and mainly their innovations. Then the thesis is focused on simple but very sensitive methods using fluorescence and chemiluminescence. At the end a methods as the results of a latest research are mentioned. The main of them are micro cantilever sensors and differential reflectometry. Security and counterterrorist warfare is main point of thesis.
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Detection methods of energetic materials
Procházka, Michal ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Friedl, Zdeněk (advisor)
A research on current methods of detection of explosives and related materials was made. At first the thesis studies methods of detection and analysis of explosives including chromatographic methods (TLC, GC, HPLC, IC), mass spectrometry and its variations, ion mobility spectrometry and infra-red spectroscopy. Next the attention is placed on detection of explosives in solid phase by X-ray detection, nuclear magnetic and quadrupole resonance and thermal neutron activation. Practical applications of these methods are of great importance in this thesis as well as their usage in the counterterrorist fight.
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Analysis of the current state of special cynology in the Czech Republic - with a focus on the search of explosives.
HOMOLKA, Martin
Civil protection is getting one of the most important activities governments of all civilized states in the world deal with. Substantial funds are spent on setting up of armed forces, security organizations, groups of specialists and employees and on reinforcing of army forces that can participate in civil protection during state of emergency or in critical civil situations. For realization of these attacks a lot of money is needed. To get the money other crimes are committed, namely production and trade with narcotics and psychotropic substances or illegal weapon trade. The bodies participating in civil protection of each single state have to be able and ready to search for implements that directly or indirectly endanger not only the safety of inhabitants, but also the safety of important buildings and the premises of critical infrastructure. It concerns searching for explosives, firearms, narcotics and psychotropic substances, burning accelerants or e.g. banknotes. For these activities most police forces and bodies of civil protection use dogs because of their character and abilities. This companion closest to a man is able to find and mark all named commodities after having finished its proper training. The aim of this thesis is to specify the importance of special kynology for civil protection, focused on locating of explosives using specially trained dogs. Qualitative survey is the base of this dissertation. Respondents are experts with long-time experience in special kynology and explosives. Methods used within the research are following: secondary data analysis, half structured interview and photo documentation. SWOT analysis has been made that describes the condition of special kynology in the Czech Republic. The Police of the Czech Republic, as one of three basic bodies of Integrated Rescue System, have to fulfil many tasks defined by law. One of the most important tasks is life and health protection of all persons that are in the certain moment in our state territory. For attacks against these values explosives are used nowadays. If they are misused and installed in explosive systems, the members of the Police of the Czech Republic are the ones who enter the area of explosive placement or the possible placement of such object. Besides, they carry out safety and preventive explosives search. Some of these members are canine officers. Their task is to train the dogs in a special way so that these are able to locate explosives. They take part in every search for explosives which is led by the police. Thanks to their placement they are able to begin with investigation within a few minutes or tens of minutes almost anywhere in the area of the Czech Republic. Nowadays there is no other body of armed force that would be able to provide this kind of service. That is why it is necessary to solve such problems that endanger this activity, such as lack of finance or little cooperation among individual units. Despite these problems we have to highlight the professionalism of canine officers, their experience and work enthusiasm as well as a very high level of training centres. If trained and used in the right way, the dogs are irreplaceable in the search for explosives not only nowadays but also in the future. Without their help the search cannot be effective. The dissertation presents a complete overview and description of the use of special kynology concerning search for explosives in relation to civil protection. In practice it will improve the public awareness and it will be used as complete information material for experts.
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Explosives - Teaching Material for Students Studying the Specialization in Protection of the Population.
KŘÍŽ, Jan
I focused my work as to become a comprehensive material about explosives. Furthermore, there are divided and described particular tips of explosions and the effects of explosions on the surrounding environment are explained. I have described the elementary separation of explosives and their use. It also includes the problematic issue of home-produced explosives. The next chapter turns to trap explosive systems which have been used now for terrorist attacks or for committing serious crime. Given that, in the Czech Republic there still is a large amount of ammunition and war munitions left behind by the Soviet army here {--} in my work, there it is explained what ammunition is, what places we could come accross it, and what risks have resulted from that all for the public. In conclusion, I cite the legislation and regulations that relate to the use of explosives. All the work I focused as to be a teaching tool that is primarily aimed at students who study a specialization concerning the protection of population, it is for the employees of the ``IZS{\crq}q (Integrated Emergency System) units and for the staff of crisis management.
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Electrochemical detection of trace amounts of nitrated explosives
Barek, J. ; Fischer, J. ; Vyskočil, V. ; Pecková, K. ; Navrátil, Tomáš ; Josypčuk, Bohdan
Nitrated organic compounds belong to the group of the most frequently used explosives. Detection of low levels of such compounds is very attractive in these days. Due to the easy reducibility of the nitro group, voltammetry seems to be very suitable method for these purposes. For these determinations the following electrodes were used: were used hanging mercury drop electrode, meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode, miniaturized paste silver amalgam electrode, paste electrode on the basis of silver amalgam powder and proper organic liquid were used.
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