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Enviromental Analysis of Slate Quarries in the Nízký Jeseník (The Czech Republic)
Rozkopalová, Pavla ; Skalický, Milan (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
This dissertation applies its mind to the evaluation of five selected localities caused by slate mining in the area of the Low Jeseník, namely at point-blank range the Kružberk water reservoir and is based on the lichenological research and on the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute data. Two lacalities, 1 and 2 are located in the west side of the dam, the locality 3 is in the east side and the localities 4 and 5 are located to the south from the dam.
From 2015 to 2016, during the ongoing research, there were determined 23 the most commonly ocuring tereristic lichen species. To the found vulnerable species belong, for example, Cladonia glauca or Cladonia ciliata. In the locality 3 the most occuring family Cladoniceae is mainly represented by Cladonia ciliata, Cladonia rangiferina and Cladonia arbuscula.
Based on the results it was discovered that lichen species coming from the Cladoniceae family are the most frequently spread on the upper part of the localities, on the top of the slate slag heaps; but the slopes are prefered by sessile species. The slope posts are too extreme because of their enormous inclination and exposition. The tree storey was determined too together with frequency of woody plants incidence on the grounds of localities shielding. Full-grown trees expanded from the surrounding forest were especially found at the slag heap bases. Larix decidua was mostly observed, Betula pendula colonized slopes. On the bases of The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute data was the Kružberk dam area assessed relatively clear because it is the area protected against pollution and and is considered to be a fresh water resource. Air pollution made by NO2, SO2 and MP10 showed good results with low improving level from 2014 to 2015.
There is made a suggestion to have the minimal management because there was not seen any negative human or animal influence to the lichen diversity and natural evolution of association has been going on. Large frequency of Cladoniceae was monitored in the locality 3 and so this locality is suggested for long-term monitoring of environment with chemical-physical methods and monitoring lichen diversity.
The author developed her photo suplement and used here her own illustrations to easy determine the most common species occuring on the stone quarry. This appendix can be found at the end of the dissertation.
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Utilization of plant bioindicators in monitoring of environmental contamination
Koláček, Tomáš ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
Environmental contamination may be observed by different analytical tools as well as by various types of bioindicators providing relevant information about the effects of toxic substances and their mixtures towards organisms in situ. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of plant bioindicators and biomonitors suitable for biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in natural ecosystems. For groups of organic pollutants such as PCBs, PCDDs / Fs, PBDEs, PAHs, PFCs, and OCPs, review of literature is provided including knowledge about different species of coniferous trees, angiospermous plants (including crops), mosses and lichens that can be used for monitoring. In this work, analysis examples of samples of pine needles, bark, moss and lichen tissue are quoted as biomonitor tools. An overview of plants for phytotoxicity and genotoxicity observation using pollen grains abortivity and online bioindication as an example on non-specific biomonitoring is also provided.
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The Study of Distribution of Halogenated Diphenylethers to Parts of Environment
Hroch, Martin ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Šucman, Emanuel (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
In recent years considerable attention is paid to problems of brominated flame retardants (BFR's – Brominated Flame retardants), which are a diverse group of organic compounds. Even in the recent past have been the most often represented group particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have found wide use in many industrial sectors. The reason of aplication of these substances is the ability to slow down the combustion process and reduce the risk of ignition by the excessive heating of material. On the other hand, serious concerns about the use of PBDEs was added. The most serious trouble is particular their possible to release from consumer products during their normal use, toxicity and high persistence in parts of environment. Some of these contaminants are more characterized by a high degree of accumulation in biological systems. In this work by several sub-studies the issue of assessment the level of pollution of the aquatic ecosystem of selected localities of the Czech Republic just PBDEs was addressed. One of objectives was monitored the situation of breeding ponds near the village Záhlinice in Central Moravia. Here was assessed level of contamination in fish and birds as two consecutive segments of food chain. The obtained results largely confirmed the assumption that with increasing trophic level of organisms leads to bioaccumulation and thus also higher findings. For comparison, the capture of fish and birds in other localities of the CR was also implemented. In Bartošovice and Hustopeče nad Becvou levels at the buzzard and heron were detected as comparable. The cormorants of the order higher levels of PBDEs were found. Further were also evaluated levels of PBDEs detected in individuals of bioindicator kind of chub caught in two locations on the river Svratka in spring and autumn. Findings of PBDE in muscle, skin and intestines were compared. The obtained results show that between tissues and sites wasn’t significant variability respectively and the findings of controlled substances are practically comparable. With aim to determine the dependence of the concentration of PBDEs in organisms on the length of the river was conducted monitoring of Vír and Brno water reservoirs. In both locations was main monitored kind of bream, which was completed by the other species. The results of the analysis indicate a higher total concentration at the lower part of river Svratka. Differences were also the distribution of individual congeners in both sampling locations. For monitoring of terrestrial system contamination levels of PBDEs has been selected several types of plant bioindicators. These are mainly pine needles (Scots pine, Eastern white pine, Silver fir, Blue spruce) collected from different localities of the Czech Republic. Other matrices were chosen roughages (Common wheat, Naked barley, Alfalfa wheat, Red clover) and oilseeds (Rapeseed) from the Novy Jicin, where Agriculture plant school of the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno. Detected values of PBDE concentrations were very low, generally ranged at the detection limits of the analytical method.
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Selection of suitable bioindicators for the determination of xenobiotics residuals
Musil, Jan ; Vondráčková, Ilona (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Bio-indicators are organisms, which we can use to evaluate contamination of terestrial and aquatic ecosystems by xenobiotics. This thesis deals above all with bio-indicators of vegetal and animal origin, which are capable to identify and quantify persistent organic pollutants and its residual contamination. This xenobiotics comes from human activities, most by consumer and automotive industry, inconsiderate agriculture. Thanks to its unpremeditated application and waste disposal, which are contaminated with them, ecosystems are infested and persistent organic pollutant‘s residuals are persisting for decades. By the help of bio-indicators we can find the source of contamination and size up its seriousness, we can observe its development and biological effect on organisms, which live in contaminated areas. In this thesis attention is given especially to polychlorinated bifenyls (PCB), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), organochlorinated pesticides (OPC). polybrominated difenylethers (PBDE) and PCCDs/Fs, its influence on the health and its distribution in our surroundings, especially in waste dumps and forgotten pollutants sources.
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Bioindicators - their role in the evaluation of environment
Winklerová, Lucie ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis deals with the use of plant and animal bioindicators in an evaluation of the state of the environment. Bioindicators are divided in this work according to ecosystem for which they are used into bio indicators of terrestrial and of water ecosystem. Furthermore, they are divided according to groups of analytes, which are indicated by means of them. In the work the attention is paid to selected elements of risk, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. The presence of these xenobiotics in the environment is particularly influenced by human activities. First of all individual industrial and automobile transports are permanent sources of contamination of the ecosystem with these xenobiotics. Considerable influence on the ecosystem pollution with organic and inorganic contaminants had also an injudicious application of certain fertilizers in agricultural production. The importance of bioindication and bioindicators is big. They help us not only assess the presence of xenobiotic in the environment, the development of its occurrence and sources of pollution, but they are also necessary in the evaluation of its biological effect, and responses and mechanisms of the organism which are induced by it. Biomonitoring is now an essential part of environmental protection by reason of monitoring the presence and the transport of contaminants.
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Fish as indicator of aquatic ecosystem´s loading by pharmaceutical residues
Milatová, Martina ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Nowadays, the importance of the issue of residues of pharmacs in the wastewaters and afterwards, surface waters, becomes more serious because of the fact, that the consumption of the pharmacs is instantly increasing within the human population. Therefore, it is important to monitor not only this pharmacs, respectively their residues in waters, but also their residues in aquatic organisms. This thesis is of theoretical character and deals with the possibility of using fish as bioindicators in the evaluation of pharmacs residues in aquatic ecosystems. The examples of farmacs present in the waters are given and the most common of them are described. The synthetic estrogens, whose effects on the aquatic organisms, respectively fish, are most detectable, were chosen as the most common group of pharmacs.
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Vliv fluoranthenu na růstové a vývojové procesy okřehku menšího (Lemna minor L.)
Hrušková, Zuzana
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered persistent organic pollutants because of the long persistence in the environment. The presence of PAHs significantly responds aquatic plant Lemna minor L. reduction of its growth, and thus represents a bioindicator of organic load of the aquatic environment. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of fluoranthene on growth and developmental processes Lemna minor L. During the 21 days were observed at several concentrations of fluoranthene (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 mg / l) growth and viability of plants, morphological and anatomical changes and growth parameters. We also investigated the ability of plant production and changes in the content of phytohormones (cytokinins, ethylene, ABA). The results showed that fluoranthene had a significant effect on the appearance of plants and production of biomass, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. The production capabilities were no significant adverse effects. Due fluoranthene increased production of ethylene, and abscisic acid formation in plants duckweed. After 21 days of culture was observed in the plants treated with low concentrations of fluoranthene to synthesize iP, iPR and Z.
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Možnosti zjištění zatížení lesních ekosystémů těžkými kovy pomocí jejich obsahu v parazitech zaječí zvěře
Štefek, Karel
In this thesis the concentrations of heavy metals have been statistically appraised on the basis of samples gained from small intestines of European hare - Lepus europaeus and from an endoparasite Trichuris leporis (found by a washing method). Tha appraisal has been performed by atomic absorption spectrometry -- AAS, electrothermal atomization - ETA-AAS (for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), and means of atomization in the flame FAAS (Cu, Mn, Zn). The pieces of offal of hare game have been obtained from a common hunting in the localities of the Czech Republic represented by the region of South Moravia, Moravian-Silesian, Olomouc, and the Highlands. The sample collecting has been conducted from 2008 to 2012. Statistically significant differences of heavy metals concentrations have been found out between the individual localities. In addition, an endoparasite as a possible bioindicator of heavy metals load on the forest environment has been evaluated differently. Furthermore, in endoparasites there have been detected an exceeding of the hygiene limits for food. Conclusion made on the basis of all statistical analysis performed in this study says that Trichuris leporis indicates heavy metals load on ecosystems by wider range of heavy metals than the small intestine and more, considerably in the higher concentrations. Thus, Trichuris leporis can be used as a sentinel organism for the indication of heavy metals in the forest environment, at least in an area of the European hare territory.
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Využití raků jako bioindikátorů kvality vody
KUKLINA, Iryna
In recent decades, the ecological status of the freshwater crayfish has changed drastically from a sensitive indicator of an aquatic environment to a tolerant species that can survive in a wide range of unfavourable conditions. Despite all controversies on being or not being proper bioindicators, crayfish are a key species that plays a crucial role in the freshwater ecosystem. Regardless of whether certain crayfish possess a particular environmental sensitivity or not, all species can be used in biomonitoring investigations. The main objectives of the present thesis were development and implementation of system for continuous monitoring of water quality using crayfish as the bioindicator. Being less complex than vertebrates (e.g., fish), but being sufficiently complex compared to some other hard-shell freshwater invertebrates (e.g., mussels), crayfish present a useful biomonitoring object, which is easy to manipulate with, and which provides experimental data which is easy to obtain, analyse and interpret. The first part of this thesis is devoted to an evaluation of crayfish as suitable bioindicators. We showed that, when conducting the biomonitoring of metals in aquatic biota, crayfish have sufficient tissues for a bioaccumulation survey. For this purpose, we examined the gills, muscles and hepatopancreas. We confirmed that the hepatopancreas was the primary target for accumulation of most of the examined elements (i.e., cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc). For higher relevance, crayfish surveys were compared to fish samples collected from the same locations. The second part of this work particularly focused on water quality biomonitoring based on the evaluation of crayfish ethophysiological characteristics. We examined crayfish reactions to both chemical (i.e. chloramine, chlorides, nitrites) and natural odours (i.e., food, heterosexual conspecifics, predator, etc). This approach was shown to be simple yet at the same time, complex and efficient. Such monitoring technique is easily implemented and does not demand long, complicated analyses, since monitored parameters, locomotor and cardiac activity, are evaluated immediately in real time. However, one complication is related to the unpredictability of an animal's reactions. Because studied characteristics may often affect each other, they need to be carefully traced and interaction between measured characteristics needs to be eliminated. The usefulness of such biomonitoring is conditioned by a reliable combination of behaviour and physiology, which enables detection of complex animal responses to environmental changes. As reported in the third part, we submitted an application for a patent of the developed system, and described in the patent sensor will be protected as utility model. Moreover, other crustaceans with sufficient carapace size (e.g., shrimps, crabs, molluscs) can be successfully investigated using presented system. The only challenge is that living organism can clearly indicate disruption of ambient conditions, but cannot detect what it has caused. However, there are powerful analytical techniques now, developed exactly for accurate determination of various compounds. The heart rate is species- and conditions-specific, so it cannot be applied as unified measure for all crayfish species, while visual analysis of heartbeat primary curves can be useful for establishment of referent crayfish heart rate values at their different functional states. The final part of the thesis is devoted to this issue. In conclusion, the developed biomonitoring system was shown to be highly practical unit using noninvasive technique for investigation of crayfish reactions under model conditions, with the potential of further application at broader research and industrial arenas.
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