|
|
The mycobiomes of vegetative organs of the dominant Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (Posidoniaceae, Alismatales)
Soperová, Beáta ; Vohník, Martin (advisor) ; Kohout, Petr (referee)
Posidonia oceanica is a dominant seagrass of the Mediterranean Sea and its mycobiome has been increasingly studied, especially in recent years. Dozens of fungi associated with roots, rhizomes or leaves have been already described, but studies on the mycobiome of leaf sheaths are completely absent. One of the root-associated mycobionts is Posidoniomyces atricolor, which has not yet been isolated from any other organ. This thesis attempted to describe the mycobiome of vegetative organs of P. oceanica using two different methodological approaches - microscopic observation and molecular analyses. Microscopic observation confirmed the presence of fungal colonization in all vegetative organs except leaves. The conclusions from the microscopic part were subsequently verified by isolating and identifying several different endomycobionts, including P. atricolor, which has been also isolated for the first time from rhizomes and leaf sheaths. Leaf sheath mycobiome was then described for the first time ever.
|
|
|
Gravitropism mechanisms in single-celled organs and multicellular organs of plants
Nehasilová, Martina ; Fendrych, Matyáš (advisor) ; Kurtović, Katarina (referee)
Plants react to various environmental stimuli by oriented growth. The growth responses are called tropisms. Gravitropism is a directed growth concerning the gravity vector. Plant shoots grow up, negatively gravitropically, to catch the light. Roots are positively gravitropic; they grow down to anchor the plant in the substrate and seek water and minerals. The process of gravitropism consists of three stages: signal perception, signal transmission, and growth response. These stages can all occur in a single cell or separately in different parts of a multicellular organ. Single-cell gravitropic systems are represented by algal rhizoids or moss protonemata. They need minimal signal transmission because gravity vector perception and growth response happen in the same cell. The multicellular systems, represented here by angiosperm roots, have a more robust signal transmission phase. This thesis compares mechanisms of plant gravitropism based on the two categories - single-cell vs. multicellular. Despite their different cellular arrangements, single-cell and multicellular gravitropism share several characteristics, such as statolith sedimentation, Ca2+ fluxes, pH changes, and altered vesicular trafficking. Still, the lack of knowledge about the single-cell systems and high inner variability within the...
|
|
|
The importance of mycorrhizal fungi in the root decomposition.
Haiclová, Klára ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Mycorrhizal fungi are known as symbionts of many plant species. Fungi provide better access to mineral nutrients and water for host plants, and in return fungi receive carbohydrates from plants. Although a significant proportion of organic matter is bound in the root biomass, little is known about the factors affecting root decomposition. Understanding the process of root decomposition and the factors that affect it, is important to us. Knowledge of root decomposition helps us understand the carbon cycle and answer questions about carbon sequestration in soil. This Bachelor's thesis is focused on the importance and function of mycorrhizal fungi during root decomposition. It describes the influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the decomposition of fine roots colonized by mycorrhizae, the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to decompose organic matter and influence the decomposition rate through competition with saprotrophic organisms. Keywords: mycorrhizal fungi, roots, decomposition, rate, organic matter, soil, importance, carbon sequestration
|
|
|
Diversity and ecology of endophytic fungi in different parts of pants.
Kovaříčková, Adéla ; Prášil, Karel (advisor) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Even though endophytic fungi have been studied intensively in the past years, little attention has been payed to endophytic colonisation of a whole plant. The search part of this work is about the differences in diversity and ecology of endophytes within whole plants, whose single parts represent qualitatively different environments for growth of endophytic fungi. The main difference is between the colonisation of systemic endophytes of grasses from family Clavicipitaceae and the colonisation of taxonomically heterogenous group of non-systemic endophytes. A systemic endophyte colonizes all above-ground organs of grass, while a non-systemic endophytes form only local infections, and their species composition in specific plant parts differs. The practical part of this work encompasses the pilot study of species diversity of endophytic fungi from woody parts (branches, stems and roots) of an elm tree (Ulmus laevis). There are differences in the frequency of colonisation among samples cultivated on agar plates, and also in diversity of isolated fungal genera.
|
|
|
Green architecture design and infrastructure in cities
Cacková, Anna ; Gottvaldová, Jana (referee) ; Remeš, Josef (advisor)
The diploma thesis is focused on the topic of green infrastructure and its importance in a city. The work presents ten selected problems and precautions that cities encounter in the process of planning and designing the greenery. The practical part evaluates the current state of the administration and maintenance of urban greenery in Björnson Park near the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Brno. The analysis of the current situati-on and the problem research showed that the analyzed area has certain deficiencies in the management and care of public greenery. We not only observe a lack of awareness of trees and their needs but also face insufficient knowledge of climate change, which causes cities to overheat. It is necessary to respond to these changes and use all pos-sible precautions that are available.
|
|
|
Root system development under drought stress
Svobodová, Barbora ; Soukup, Aleš (advisor) ; Fendrych, Matyáš (referee)
Plants actively react to the environmental conditions in such a way that they can use their resources efficiently and be resistant to suboptimal living conditions (e.g., high salinity, drought stress, high radiation, extremely high or low temperatures, insufficient nutrients etc.). One of the responses to drought stress (DS) is change in root system architecture (RSA). Optimized shape of RSA during drought stress can be under some situations "Steep, cheap and deep" ideotype. Steep - the roots grow in an angle ideally perpendicular to the soil surface. Cheap - most of the resources are spent on growing deeper while having small diameter and lots of aerenchym tissue. Plants with this RSA modulation try to reach deeper parts of the soil with greater water reservoirs and to achieve this, they use a wide range of mechanisms. Another change in RSA in reaction to drought stress, which directs the root to areas with more water is called hydrotropism. The key signal pathway which activates a large variety of drought responsive genes is the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway. Plants also have epigenetic mechanisms, which by remembering a stress factor they have already encountered, are capable of faster and more intensive response.
|
|
|
Plant perception of soil heterogeneity in the field
Hrouda, Adam ; Weiser, Martin (advisor) ; Martínková, Jana (referee)
Nutrients are usually patchily distributed in natural soils. Plants are often able to respond to nutrient heterogeneity in artificial conditions by active plastic changes of root system morphology. The occurrence or magnitude of a foraging response can be altered by the presence of competition. However, it is unclear to what extent root foraging takes place in the field. I conducted a field experiment in order to determine the effect of an artificial nutrient patch on fine belowground biomass of (a) an established community and (b) model plants. The study array consisted of a grid of 30×30 cm plots with model plants located in the centre. Half of the plots contained the artificial patch located 5.5 cm from the model plant. Fertilizer patch treatment did not increase mean plot fine underground biomass. Instead, fine underground biomass was higher in places of greater soil moisture estimated from mean plot EIVs. Neither total model plant root biomass nor proportion of roots in the enriched quarter increased in the fertilizer treatment. Competition was probably higher in fertilized than in control plots judging by a 2-fold increase in death rate of model plants. However, greater proportion of model plants flowered in the treatment plots. Possible causes include a plastic response to the patch as well...
|
|
|
Fate of Individual - Finding of the Roots / Specific Contexts in Art of the Twenties Century
Adamová, Zuzana ; Špirk, Ivan (advisor) ; Francová, Sylva (referee)
Keywords: Individual, continuity, art, roots In developing the topic of "The Life Story of an Individual - Exploring Our Roots" in the theoretical section of my thesis, I endeavoured to accentuate the importance of every person's life and the impact of a responsible individual existence on the history of humankind, and to present this impact as a power that, though often unrecognised, is present in every human being. Following Josef's life path, I made several detours to artists to whom he was in some way connected, by exploring the places he visited to meet with them or to admire their work. The works of some of them also help reveal the difficulties encountered by those who wished to maintain airt in religious spaces in the twentieth century. In the didactic section, I designed and tested a series of creative artworks addressing the topic of exploring roots, with emphasis on how important is continuity of generations and what a great value lies in the process of ageing of people and things. The creative section is partly based on my visit of some of the places where Josef Adámek met with his artistic friends. I created drawings and, subsequently, paintings of their church towers. I also developed a Map of Grandfathers by collecting names, drawings and messages written in the map by people I met...
|
|
|
Hodnocení kořenového systému a infiltrační schopnosti půdy u vybraných druhů trav
Dostál, Jiří
Lolium, Festuca species, and xFestulolium interspecies hybrids are widely used in agriculture, these species are considered the optimal grass species for intensive forage production. Lolium species are susceptible to abiotic stress, which has an increasing trend with the forthcoming climate change. Therefore, Festulolium interspecies hybrids have been bred, which have suitable parameters (drought resistance, ability of roots to penetrate through the compacted soil layers, better nutrient availability, etc.) to ensure a quality production and performance of other ecosystem services. Root biomass and root architecture are critical for meeting a number of ecosystem functions. In this work, I focused on the evaluation of the root system and the comparison of the soil infiltration capacity in selected Graminacae species. To compare selected parameters, grasses were grown in tubes filled with sand. Lolium multiflorum (cv. DALLARA), Festuca pratensis (cv. HYPERBOLA), Festulolium braunii (cv. HOSTYN), Festulolium krasanii (cv. HYKOR and HIPAST), Festulolium loliaceum (cv. PRIOR) and Trifolium pratense (cv. CALLISTO) species have been tested. The parameters evaluated were following: plant length, number of tillers, maximum rooting depth, total root length, root volume, root surface, root length in single thickness categories, dry matter of above-ground and underground biomass. The highest values were measured in Lolium multiflorum (cv. DALLARA) and in Festulolium braunii (cv. HOSTYN). Another part of the work was the sampling and evaluating roots from the soil on experimental plots in Vatín. In this measurement, Festuca rubra (cv. GONDOLIN) and Festulolium krasanii (cv. HYKOR) were selected. There were not found statistically significant differences in the total root length, root surface and root volume parameters. Festulolium (cv. HYKOR) had significantly stronger roots in the comparison to Festuca rubra. The last part of the research was the comparison of the soil infiltration capacity in these species: Festuca rubra (cv. GONDOLIN) and Festulolium (cv. HOSTYN, PRIOR and HYKOR). The highest infiltration capacity was measured on the Festulolium loliaceum (cv. PRIOR) plot.
|
|
|
The importance of mycorrhizal fungi in the root decomposition.
Haiclová, Klára ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
Mycorrhizal fungi are known as symbionts of many plant species. Fungi provide better access to mineral nutrients and water for host plants, and in return fungi receive carbohydrates from plants. Although a significant proportion of organic matter is bound in the root biomass, little is known about the factors affecting root decomposition. Understanding the process of root decomposition and the factors that affect it, is important to us. Knowledge of root decomposition helps us understand the carbon cycle and answer questions about carbon sequestration in soil. This Bachelor's thesis is focused on the importance and function of mycorrhizal fungi during root decomposition. It describes the influence of mycorrhizal fungi on the decomposition of fine roots colonized by mycorrhizae, the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to decompose organic matter and influence the decomposition rate through competition with saprotrophic organisms. Keywords: mycorrhizal fungi, roots, decomposition, rate, organic matter, soil, importance, carbon sequestration
|
guest ::
