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Maintaining peace and security in cyberspace: Multilateral approach of the United Nations on advancing responsible state behaviour in cyberspace
Henyka, Claudia ; Gallen, James (vedoucí práce) ; Smith, David (oponent)
The international community has concerned about the malicious development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) that threatens international peace and security. This issue emerged since the same technology that supports our daily activities could also be used to conduct military hostilities. Such cases of DDoS attacks in Estonia and Stuxnet in Iran could provide a full illustration. Apart from the scholarly attention to this emerging issue, the research that particularly assesses the United Nations as the organization to preserve the current state of international peace and security is still lacking. Henceforth, this research will focus on evaluating how the UN has reacted to the malicious development of ICT in the context of international security and whether it has effectively established a new regime to regulate States in this hostile activity. This research will benefit from detailed and critical examination using a documentary and archival analysis as well as critical discourse analysis. To elaborate on numerous notions and measures taken by the UN and provide a noteworthy discussion, this research will borrow transdisciplinary approaches ranging from international politics to international law. Through evaluation, this research found that the UN has put a concerted effort to...
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Cryptocrime, blockchain, and beyond: Investigating criminals' illicit use of cryptocurrency and exploring law enforcement opportunities
Ghimire, Mukesh ; Gallen, James (vedoucí práce) ; Alì, Antonino (oponent)
In recent years, cryptocurrencies have evolved and become widespread. The anonymity and decentralisation of these technologies have attracted criminals who use them to buy and sell illegal products on the black market while hiding their identities and avoiding punishment. Cryptocurrencies, a new technological development, have their own positive and negative consequences as they can be used by criminals to perform illegal activities. At the same time, cryptocurrencies are being used by law enforcement bodies for investigations. Also viewed as a concern is the illicit use of cryptocurrencies for money laundering, terrorism financing and sanctions evasion on the global levels. The introduction and advancement of analytical tools enable law enforcement to track suspect addresses using the blockchain's records of bitcoin transactions. Concurrently, anti-money laundering (AML) rules and financial authorities have played a crucial role in the battle against money laundering and collecting vital role in the fight against money laundering and the collection of intelligence on suspicious activity conducted via financial institutions. This dissertation's study aims to evaluate the illegal and legal usage of cryptocurrencies to understand better whether they should be considered a danger to global or national...
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Indicator Development for Strategic Warning Intelligence
Schröder, Johanna ; Gallen, James (vedoucí práce) ; Kučera, Tomáš (oponent) ; Kaczmarski, Marcin (oponent)
1 Abstract. With the end of the Cold War, the focus of strategic warning intelligence has shifted from nation states to a wide range of increasingly more complex crisis phenomena, involving various (non-state) actors. In order to give warning, crisis indicators have to be developed, measured and monitored over time. However, contemporary indicator development is based on poorly defined or outdated analytic methods, which do not take into consideration the increasing complexity and variety of modern crisis phenomena. Against this backdrop, this dissertation develops a mixed matrix for indicator development in strategic warning. Based on systems theory and sequential conflict models, the mixed matrix takes into consideration the various systems characterising both the state and the individual (non- state) actors within it. In addition, the mixed matrix differentiates between different types of indicators, thus encouraging analysts to critically assess the role of each indicator for a particular scenario or the warning problem as a whole. Through this, the mixed matrix provides analysts with a standardised analytic method, which, if applied consistently, will improve indicator development in strategic warning intelligence by encouraging multidisciplinary and holistic thinking while minimising the impact of...
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Securitisation of Development: USAID's Development Assemblage
Stimpson, Cassandra Rae ; Gallen, James (vedoucí práce) ; Prina, Federica (oponent) ; Ludvík, Jan (oponent)
Securitisation of Development: USAID's development assemblage By: Cassandra Stimpson Abstract The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the premier U.S. foreign aid agency, is a significant development player, whose policies affect lives around the globe. USAID provides significant fund inflows for development entities, namely international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and for-profit independent development contractors (IDCs). Yet, scholarly examinations of securitisation of development have largely focused singularly on NGOs or the State, leaving out important market actors that take up a major share of USAID funding - IDCs. Reconciling development actors with development objectives requires a fresh framework that brings together U.S. foreign policy goals with the NGO-sphere and the private market more comprehensively than simply securitisation of development, developmentalisation of military aid, or the technocratisation of both. This research adds to the conceptual framework of an evolving practical securitisation theory base that allows for context, motivations, and actors, using a sociological approach that relies on interpretivist accounts the USAID development market assemblage's political economy. The analysis examines three cases over different USAID and...
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Child sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers and humanitarian aid worker: A critical analysis of the humanitarian aid structure
Vérant, Elvire ; Gallen, James (vedoucí práce) ; Berg, Julie (oponent)
Since 1990' several cases of child sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers and humanitarian workers have been disclosed to the public, resulting in the humanitarian system to establish policies and measures to counter the phenomenon. However, the structural aspect of the humanitarian system has been overlooked by the organizations and superficially explored by academics concerning the bureaucratic and institutional factors that creates opportunities for the perpetration of such acts. Thus, this paper will stage the current literature on child SEA in the humanitarian context. Then, it will identify and analyze some of the key features of the humanitarian system that hinder prevention and enhance perpetration. It will be done through bureaucratic and institutional theoretical lenses under three dimensions (accountability, legitimacy, and internal culture). The analysis found that insulation from feedback, administrative secrecy, professionalization, ceremonial inspection and evaluation, the prioritization of self-preservation, and the normalization of deviance were some the key factors that create child SEA opportunities and hinder its adequate prevention. The key concerns of child SEA by those enlisted to protect them are highlighted through the use of case studies from the Haiti child sexual...
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