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Ontogeny, evolution & homology of cement glands and attachment organs in lower vertebrates
Minařík, Martin ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee) ; Buchtová, Marcela (referee)
Aquatic larvae of many vertebrate lineages develop specialized, cranially located cement or attachment glands which allow them to remain attached to a substrate by means of polysaccharide secretion. The larvae can thus remain still and safe in well-oxygenated water out of reach of any predators until the digestive and locomotory apparatus fully develops. Xenopus cement gland is the most thoroughly studied example of this type of glands, since it was used as a model for the anteriormost patterning of the developing head. Based on shared expression patterns of key transcription factors and a similar ectodermal origin it has been repeatedly suggested that Xenopus cement gland is homologous to adhesive organs of teleosts and adhesive papillae of ascidians. The lack of comprehensive knowledge on this type of glands in other lineages however rendered any considerations of homology among such a distant lineages rather inconclusive. In the present work I have focused on a detailed study of the cement glands and other corresponding structures in three representatives of basal actinopterygian lineages: Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus), sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), and tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus). Using a combination of in vivo fate-mapping approaches with a Micro-CT imaging of cranial endoderm...
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Comparative cytogenetics of bed bug Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)
Sadílek, David ; Vilímová, Jitka (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee)
Comparative cytogenetics of the bed bug Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) The human bed bug Cimex lectularius has started enormous spreading to all developed countries of temperate climate zone during the last ten years. Bed bug was almost eradicated by a mass use of DDT in these areas until the 70's in the 20th century. This temporal haematophagous ectoparasite occupies particularly human dwellings and bat roosts. Cimex lectularius shows unusual combination of cytogenetic characteristics, general for all Heteroptera, however, not usual for other organisms. The chromosomes are holokinetic, with completely achiasmatic meiosis and inverted meiosis of the sex chromosomes. Especialy remarkable feature is intraspecific variation of the number of the X chromosomes. The variable number of chromosomes of 43 populations of Cimex lectularius from the Czech Republic and 27 populations from other European countries was studied in the present study. The 10 variants of karyotype were found out by using the "hotplate spreading" method and the standard Giemsa staining. There were male karyotypes with 2n = 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 42 and 47 chromosomes and two females with peculiar odd number of sex chromosomes X, 2n = 33 and 43, not complementary with any male. A stable number of 2n = 26 autosomes...
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Karyotype differentiation of Euscorpius scorpions (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) in Europe
Novotný, Tomáš ; Šťáhlavský, František (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee)
The aim of presented work is to provide characteristics of the karyotypes of scorpions of the genus Euscorpius. Genus Euscorpius is a typical representative of scorpions in Europe. Its occurrence is wide throughout Europe. Until now, 18 species of this genus have been described. In this work six species were karyologically analyzed and one species was shown to possess only basic diploid number of chromosomes: E. carpathicus - 2n=90, E. concinnus - 2n=88, E. hadzii - 2n=68, E. sicanus - 2n=66, E. tergestinus - 2n=60, E. naupliensis - 2n=60, E. italicus - 2n=36. Description of the karyotypes revealed that all species studied exhibit achiasmatic meiosis; no presence of sex chromosomes was detected. The basic hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships and karyotype evolution of the genus Euscorpius was outlined. High interspecies variability in chromosome total count was found and by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene the taxonomic status of the species was confirmed. Hence, it seems that cytogenetic methods can contribute to the understanding of species diversity and differentiation of possible cryptic species within the genus Euscorpius.
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Insights into the karyotype evolution of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida:Pseodoscorpiones)
Šťáhlavský, František ; Smrž, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Marec, František (referee) ; Ráb, Petr (referee)
6. ZÁVĚRY 1. Pro studium karyotypu štírků je u většiny druhů nejvhodnější doba rozmnožování. Ve střední Evropě se dá v tomto období (duben - červen) u většiny druhů získat z gonád samců i samic dostačující množství spermatogoniálních mitóz a u samců i různá meiotická stadia vhodná pro analýzu karyotypu. 2. Primární konstrikce řady druhů jsou drobné a obtížně detekovatelné. Pro přesné vyhodnocení morfologie chromosomů jsou proto daleko vhodnější metafáze II samců. V této fázy jsou chromatidy chromosomů spojeny pouze v oblasti centromer, poloha primárních konstrikcí se tedy dá přesně stanovit. 3. Štírci jsou charakterističtí velkou mezidruhovou variabilitou v počtu a morfologii chromosomů. Diploidní počet chromosomů se v rámci celého řádu pohybuje od 7 až po 137. Nejnižší počty chromosomů má čeleď Olpiidae (2n=7-23), nízké počty chromosmů mají také čeledi Chthoniidae (2n=10-38), Geogarypidae (2n=15-23) a Garypinidae (2n=33). Nejvyšší počty chromosomů má čeleď Atemnidae (2n=93-137). 4. Původním systémem chromosomového určení pohlaví štírků je patrně X0. S výjimkou čeledi Larcidae byl tento systém nalezen u všech studovaných čeledí. V rámci čeledí Neobisiidae a Larcidae byl zjištěn také systém XY, jež vzniká pravděpodobně přestavbami mezi chromosomem X a autosomy. 5. Pohlavní chromosom se v průběhu meiosy...
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Karyotype analysis of selected representatives of two pedipalpid orders, Amblypygi and Uropygi
Sember, Alexandr ; Král, Jiří (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee)
Karyotype analysis of selected species from arachnid orders Amblypygi and Uropygi Whip spiders (Amblypygi) and whip scorpions (Uropygi) represent relict arachnid orders which has been found already at Upper Carboniferous strata. Although cytogenetic data from amblypygids and uropygids might be important to reconstruct karyotype evolution of arachnids, cytogenetics of these orders is almost unknown. Presented study is aimed in analysis of karyotype and meiosis in 16 species of Amblypygi and 4 species of Uropygi. Both groups are characterized by considerable range of diploid chromosome numbers (2n = 24 - 86 in Amblypygi and 36 - 66 in Uropygi). Analysed species does not exhibit morfologically differentiated sex chromosomes. Differentiation of sex chromosomes on molecular level was revealed in amblypygid Paraphrynus mexicanus by comparative genome hybridization. Obtained data indicate XY/XX sex chromosome system in this species. Comparison of karyotype data indicates reduction of chromosome numbers during evolution of both orders. In Amblypygi, this reduction was accompanied by increase of number of biarmed chromosomes. This trend is not apparent in Uropygi. Karyotypes of most analysed amblypygids and uropygids are also characterized by low amount of heterochromatin. Most studied species exhibit two pairs...
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Genetic mapping in Xenopus
Seifertová, Eva ; Krylov, Vladimír (advisor) ; Ráb, Petr (referee) ; Marec, František (referee)
The diploid amphibian Xenopus tropicalis represents a significant model organism for studies of early development, genes function and evolution. Such techniques as gynogenesis, injection of morpholino antisense oligonucleotide into fertilized eggs or transgenesis were established. In the recent ten years, many efforts have been made to complete the sequence information. X. tropicalis genome has been sequenced but the completion of its assembly only on the basis of sequence data has been impossible. Therefore, our first work was focused on one of approaches for a genome completing- genetic mapping. First of all, the genetic map of Xenopus tropicalis was established pursuant linkage and physical positions of markers. Since the map contained gaps, we developed a new method for genetic mapping based on the next generation sequencing of laser microdissected arm. Using Illumina next generation sequencing of fifteen copies of a short arm of chromosome 7, we obtained new insights into its genome by localizing previously unmapped genes and scaffolds as well as recognizing mislocalized portions of the genome assembly. This was the first time laser microdissection and sequencing of specific chromosomal regions has been used for the purpose of genome mapping. These data were also used in the evolution study of...
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Insights into the karyotype evolution of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida:Pseodoscorpiones)
Šťáhlavský, František ; Smrž, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Marec, František (referee) ; Ráb, Petr (referee)
6. ZÁVĚRY 1. Pro studium karyotypu štírků je u většiny druhů nejvhodnější doba rozmnožování. Ve střední Evropě se dá v tomto období (duben - červen) u většiny druhů získat z gonád samců i samic dostačující množství spermatogoniálních mitóz a u samců i různá meiotická stadia vhodná pro analýzu karyotypu. 2. Primární konstrikce řady druhů jsou drobné a obtížně detekovatelné. Pro přesné vyhodnocení morfologie chromosomů jsou proto daleko vhodnější metafáze II samců. V této fázy jsou chromatidy chromosomů spojeny pouze v oblasti centromer, poloha primárních konstrikcí se tedy dá přesně stanovit. 3. Štírci jsou charakterističtí velkou mezidruhovou variabilitou v počtu a morfologii chromosomů. Diploidní počet chromosomů se v rámci celého řádu pohybuje od 7 až po 137. Nejnižší počty chromosomů má čeleď Olpiidae (2n=7-23), nízké počty chromosmů mají také čeledi Chthoniidae (2n=10-38), Geogarypidae (2n=15-23) a Garypinidae (2n=33). Nejvyšší počty chromosomů má čeleď Atemnidae (2n=93-137). 4. Původním systémem chromosomového určení pohlaví štírků je patrně X0. S výjimkou čeledi Larcidae byl tento systém nalezen u všech studovaných čeledí. V rámci čeledí Neobisiidae a Larcidae byl zjištěn také systém XY, jež vzniká pravděpodobně přestavbami mezi chromosomem X a autosomy. 5. Pohlavní chromosom se v průběhu meiosy...
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