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Creativity and music production: comparing the effect of musical improvisation with the effect of playing notes on divergent thinking
Pavlíková, Barbora ; Keřková, Barbora (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
Creativity and the creative process can be fostered by many different factors. Based on previously conducted research, it is possible that improvisational practice can enhance performance on tests of divergent thinking. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of playing a musical instrument on divergent thinking in two groups of participants: improvising players and note players. As part of the research, I administered cognition tests (Trail Making Test and verbal fluency test) and the divergent thinking test (Alternative Uses Task, AUT) to the two groups of participants. The AUT was re-administered immediately following a 20-minute period of playing a musical instrument. I hypothesized that musical improvisation would lead to improved performance on the AUT test, with this improvement being statistically significantly greater than that of the note-playing group. Statistical analysis did not show an effect of playing a musical instrument on performance on the AUT test in either group of players. There was neither improvement nor deterioration in performance after playing a musical instrument in either group. There was a significant between-group difference in performance in the elaboration of answeres within the AUT administered after playing a musical instrument. The number of hours of...
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Methods of preventing social loafing in school groups
Pospíšilová, Aneta ; Polák, Jakub (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
The bachelor's thesis deals with social loafing and free riding within team and group work at schools. The theoretical part is dedicated to the definition of teamwork and group work, the phenomenon of social loafing and free riding and the presentation of relevant theories of motivation, which are the basis for the part focusing on possible methods of prevention and reduction of the mentioned phenomena. The empirical part presents a research proposal based on theoretical foundations and tested practical procedures to reduce loafing in the school environment presented in the literature review part of the work. The research will be based on finding out preferences regarding the presented methods for reducing social loafing, which high school students would want to apply in their group work, taking into account a combination of preventive, intervention and evaluation measures will be chosen to achieve the maximum effect. The overall goal of the work is to provide a comprehensive summary of the findings to date in the field of social loafing in school team projects with a special emphasis on the transfer to school practice for the appropriate modification of the conditions of assigning work so that the incidence of social loafing is reduced, which should also increase overall satisfaction with work in...
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The effects of prenatal stress on child development
Škrdová, Barbora ; Takács, Lea (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis focuses on the effects of prenatal stress on the psychological development of a child in preschool age. The theoretical part describes the types of stress in pregnancy, their prevalence, and the possibilities of screening and preventions or the way of reduction. It also concentrates on the effects of prenatal stress on child development, including factors that moderate and mediate this effect. The empirical part focuses on the effects of prenatal stress on cognitive, psychomotor, and socio-emotional development in children at the age of five, and whether the effect of prenatal stress on child development is mediated by maternal stress in the period after birth. The sample includes 218 mothers whose children were examined using the Intelligence and Development Scale (IDS) at the age of five. Pre- and postnatal stress was measured using The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in the third trimester, and then at 9 months and 3, 4 and 5 years after delivery. The results of path analyses did not show a significant effect of pre- and postnatal stress on children's development in the mentioned areas. Prenatal stress was a significant predictor of postnatal stress. The included covariates showed a positive effect of the mother's education on verbal cognitive and socioemotional development....
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Contextual prediction and its effect on language processing
Březina, Jakub ; Smolík, Filip (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to offer a comprehensive account of the concept of contextual prediction. This phenomenon occurs during sentence processing and can be defined as an active anticipation of the upcoming language based on the available context. In the theoretical section, the thesis presents an overview of relevant research in the respective area. Several studies investigating the scope and potential forms of predictive sentence processing are mentioned. Theories of the general mechanisms of contextual prediction and its practical significance for language comprehension are emphasized as well. The thesis, however, focuses primarily on the use of case morphology in the prediction of thematic roles. The empirical section applies this issue on the Czech language. This section includes an experiment which investigated the predictive use of case-markings in the processing of Czech sentences. For this purpose, the experiment measured eye movements during a simultaneous presentation of sentences with a visual context. Although the experiment clearly demonstrated the presence of contextual prediction in the processing of Czech sentences, the influence of case morphology on the predictive processing remains questionable. Keywords: Prediction, Context, Language Processing, Psycholinguistics
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Effectiveness of a mentoring programme to increase the relational competence in 12-26 years-old
Chovancová, Zuzana ; Urban, Kamila (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
Formal youth mentoring is a form of work with young people that is increasingly being used as prevention in the social system. However, the evidence confirming the effectiveness of mentoring is still insufficient, and foreign studies often contradict each other. There is no consensus on which areas mentoring has a positive impact on mentees, nor on which factors are important for creating a trusting and secure mentoring relationship. Therefore, the thesis aims to first offer a comprehensive overview of the theoretical background on which youth mentoring is based, what developmental theories it draws from, which factors influence its effectiveness, and in which areas we can therefore observe positive changes in mentees. The empirical part of the thesis presents research conducted in a peer mentoring program Ve dvou se to lépe táhne by the organization Lata - programy pro mládež a rodinu, z. ú.. The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of this program on the examined relational competencies of 17 mentees. The competencies were communication, relationship with the other and relationship with oneself. A significant effect of mentoring on the competencies was not confirmed, nor was the effect of regular meetings or the expected negative effect of early termination. Even so, most of the...
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Phenomenology of 5-MeO-DMT and connection with aspects of mental health
Živnůstka, Miroslav ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
Given the increasing knowledge of psychedelic compounds in the field of mental health care provided by scientific research in recent decades, the aftereffects of 5-MeO-DMT on aspects of mental health are relatively unexplored. Its unique acute subjective effects can be observed within phenomenology. Studies to date suggest that the experience of ego dissolution and mystical experience are significantly related to improvements in mental health. This work has two objectives. The first intention is to explore the immediate experience with this substance. The second intention is to map the connection between the effect of this substance and aspects of mental health in the period after the use of the substance. In the theoretical part, mental health, psychedelics and 5-MeO-DMT are defined. It primarily presents current findings on the phenomenology of 5-MeO-DMT and empirical work focused on the connection between that substance and mental health. The empirical part describes the research, which included the semi-structured interviews with healthy users of 5-MeO-DMT, processed by thematic analysis. The phenomenology of 5-MeO-DMT was shown to consist of a death experience and an essence of being experience in this research. Finally, I identified the following positive aspects of mental health related to...
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Development of Proffesional Identity of Beggining Teachers
Trač, Tadeáš ; Šírová, Eva (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
The Bachelor thesis deals with the topic of development of professional identity of beginning teachers. First part of this thesis is dedicated to introduction of theoretical resources and fundamental concepts, such as beginning teacher, professional identity, or professional development in teachers, including corresponding subsections further expanding respective topics. Second part is dedicated to research assembled on the theoretical foundation introduced in the first part of this thesis. The research included an interview with teachers of variable specialization and duration of professional experience, and a public questionnaire. Thanks to the research, it was possible to learn more about the concepts of development of professional identity of beginning teachers, and to identify differences between stages of development of professional identity of beginning teachers and teacher experts.
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The importance and methods of developing speech skills in preschool children from socially disadvantaged backgrounds
Klinerová, Eliška ; Gillernová, Ilona (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
The thesis deals with social disadvantage and its relation to the child's language development and competence at preschool age. The literary overview section is devoted to describing the main determinants and mechanisms that influence language development, further defines social disadvantage, and addresses its impact on individual areas of a child's life and development. It highlights the mechanisms of the influence of social disadvantage on children's language development and offers methods for working with children that reflect and respond to these mechanisms. The final part of the thesis contains a proposal of a research project to determine the effect of the Grunnlaget method on the language competence of children from a socially disadvantaged background at the beginning and at the end of compulsory preschool attendance. Keywords Speech Development; Social Disadvantage; Improving Speech; Speech in Preschool Children; Culture-free Education; Grunnlaget
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Sociomapping as a possible tool for discovering social relations in the classroom environment at primary and lower-secondary school
Frkalová, Nikola ; Urban, Kamila (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the environment of the classroom from the perspective of the classroom climate. The school classroom is a unique social system in which a wide variety of social interactions take place. It also focuses on the connection between classroom climate and student well-being, and last but not least, it emphasises the importance of communication, which is an essential part of social relationships in the school environment. In the research part, established questionnaire methods (SORAD, Classroom climate), that are used to diagnose classes with the sociomappig method, are compared. The results show that this method has its place in the school environment and it is advisable to use it in future research. Keywords Classroom; Environment; Atmosphere; School classroom climate; Student well-being; Communication; SORAD; Sociomapping
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Risk of bullying in young pupils in connection with the use of social networks
Kotková, Šárka ; Šporclová, Veronika (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with the complicated topic of risk of bullying behavior in young pupils, in connection with their use of social networks. Literary overview part describes middle childhood as developmental stage and its relevant aspects. Then cyberspace, with accent on social networking sites and online disinhibition effect, is introduced. Finally bullying and cyberbullying are described. The empirical part proposes qualitative research in form of interview within focus groups made of children of fourth and fifth grade. Keywords Middle Childhood; Cyberspace; Social Networking Sites; Bullying; Cyberbullying
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