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Improvement of Manganese Separation in Drinking Water Treatment
Bartoš, Ladislav ; Janda, Václav (referee) ; Hlaváč, Jaroslav (referee) ; Dolejš, Petr (advisor)
The submitted paper covers manganese comprehensively. The introduction provides an overview of its basic physical and chemical properties. Its compounds are discussed individually, including their preparation, production, and practical uses. Furthermore, a list of analytical methods in which manganese is involved in the form of its compounds as reagents is included. The same section includes an overview of analytical methods whereby manganese and its compounds are detected, primarily in water industry processes. Attention is paid to manganese as a non-negligible constituent of the various parts of the environment. The section on manganese’s biogenic properties is interesting from the viewpoint of its toxicity as well as its role as an important biogenic element, indispensable primarily for mammals. The subsequent chapters discuss the various methods which are suitable, under specific conditions, for separation in the treatment of surface and underground water aimed at producing drinking, process, or industrial water, where a minimal concentration of this metal is required. The impact of the physical/chemical conditions which influence the efficiency of separation in a manner ranging from non-negligible to principal, is discussed further on. Given the specifics of treatment of surface [and] underground water, the chapters provide more details on the processes suitable for specific types of matrix and specific conditions. Next chapters sum up many years of the author’s observations and experiences in the various parts of the water management system, from the raw water source to treatment to distribution, focusing on surface and underground water separately. Last chapter describes the construction of a water treatment plant model, its launch and calibration, and the tests focused on separating manganese by way of coagulation using aluminium and iron sulphate.
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Removal of Selected Components from the Aquatic Environment by Coagulation Process
Měřínská, Zuzana ; Márová, Ivana (referee) ; Janda, Václav (referee) ; Mergl, Václav (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This thesis deals with coagulation treatment of surface water with content of humic matters, drug residues and turbidity. Commonly used coagulants (ferrous and aluminous sulphate) and natural biopolymer based on chitosan that not yet used in the Czech Republic had been studied. The aim of this work was to found the optimal application of chitosan in water treatment and comparison of its coagulation efficiency with standard inorganic coagulants. Theoretical part of the thesis contains occurrence, classification, composition, properties and importance of humic matters and drug residues and furthermore properties of chitosan and its using in water treatment. Experimental part summarizes the obtained results from the laboratory coagulation tests with inorganic coagulants and with chitosan leading to determination of its optimal dose. Other coagulation experiments were focused on finding the possibilities of combine the two coagulants (ferrous sulphate and chitosan) and to find their optimum doses and suitable ratio. The influence of pH on water treatment with using coagulation was also studied.
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Coagulation of organic matter produced by phytoplankton
Načeradská, Jana ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Benešová, Libuše (referee) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
This dissertation thesis focuses on the removability of algal organic matter (AOM) by coagulation during water treatment and also on the influence of AOM on the coagulation of other substances present in source water. Special emphasis is put on the description of coagulation mechanisms. The effectiveness of AOM removal by coagulation was investigated by coagulation tests performed with optimized doses of coagulants (aluminium or ferric sulphate) under different pH values. Peptides and proteins contained in cellular organic matter of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa were used in the experiments since they have been previously reported to disturb the coagulation process. Moreover, peptides and proteins underwent coagulation experiments together with kaolin particles, representing clay particles in turbid waters, in both the presence and absence of coagulants to investigate the effect of AOM on the coagulation of turbid waters. To enable the description of coagulation mechanisms, AOM were characterised in terms of charge, functional groups, molecular weight and ability to form dissolved complexes with coagulant metals. The experimental results demonstrated that the removability of peptides and proteins is greatly dependent on pH value and on the properties of the involved particles or molecules....
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Characterization of extracellular and intracellular organic matter produced by phytoplankton in relation to water treatment
Zezulová, Tereza ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
This study investigated characteristics of algal organic matter (AOM) derived from four species (cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima, diatom Fragilaria crotonensis and green alga Chlamydomonas geitleri) dominating phytoplanktonic populations in the reservoirs supplying drinking water treatment plants - the water reservoirs Švihov (the Želivka water treatment plant) and Josefův Důl (the Jizerské Mountains), Czech Republic. The four mentioned microorganisms were cultivated under laboratory conditions and the algal growth was quantified by a number of cells, chrorophyll-a and optical density. Production of AOM was evaluated by dissolved organic carbon concentration measurements, by specific UV absorbance, the amount of peptide/protein and non-peptide (carbohydrate) contents, water affinity and molecular weight (MW). AOM of all considered microorganisms are formed predominantly by hydrophilic substances with low values of specific UV absorbance (< 2 L/(m.mg)). Considerable portions of both types of AOM, i.e. extracellular and cellular organic matters are represented by substances with MW < 1 kDa or with MW > 100 kDa. However, the total amount and composition of AOM significantly depend on algal species and their growth. The obtained results imply that the knowledge of AOM...
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Microplastics in Drinking Water
Čermáková, Lenka ; Novotná, Kateřina ; Peer, Petra ; Janda, V. ; Pivokonský, Martin
The research was focused on microplastics occurring in water sources and in drinking water. Recently, the topic of microplastics in water is very up to date. However, most of the studies are focused on quantification of microplastics in sea water, sediments or surface waters, which are not a source of raw water for drinking water treatment, and at the same time the most of studies deal with the analysis of particles in the size range of 0.3 - 5 mm. The subject of the present study was to quantify microplastics from 0.2 μm in raw and treated water from three unnamed water treatment plants in the Czech Republic and to determine their size distribution, shape and material composition. It has been found that the number of microplastics ranged from 1414-7006 L-1 particles in raw water and 305-921 L-1 particles in treated water. Microplastics smaller than 10 μm were the most plentiful in both raw and treated water samples. Fragments clearly prevailed at two of the water treatment plants and fibres together with fragments predominated at one case.
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Coagulation of different kinds of algal organic matter
Novotná, Kateřina ; Načeradská, Jana ; Barešová, Magdalena ; Janda, V. ; Pivokonský, Martin
This study focused on coagulation of different algal organic matter (AOM) fractions, especially on its non-proteinaceous fraction. It was derived from cellular organic matter of Chlorella vulgaris, a freshwater algae. Two different Al-based coagulants were employed, i.e. alum and pre-hydrolyzed polyaluminim chloride (PACl). The highest coagulation efficiency was obtained at pH around neutral (pH 7.1-7.5 for alum and pH 7.6-8.0 for PACl) at relatively high dosages of coagulant (8 and 10 mg·L-1 as Al for alum and PACl, resp.). However, the maximum removal reached under the optimized conditions was only approximately 20%. The coagulation behaviour and efficiency of non-proteinaceous matter greatly differ from AOM peptide-proteins, which is discussed in the study.
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Frequency distribution of nominal inflection in Czech
Janda, Vojtěch ; Křivan, Jan (advisor) ; Lukeš, David (referee)
Employing methods of usage-based linguistic approaches, this paper tests the claim that differerences in frequential distributions of cases of nominals in Czech can be explained with the animacy hierarchy. Grammatical profiles consisting of information about gender and number are extracted from SYN2015, a balanced corpus of contemporary written texts, and analysed by hierarchical clustering which groups the grammatical profiles according to similarities of relative frequential distribution of cases. The cluster analysis and subsequential conditional inference tree modelling that animacy divides the sample into two groups. Key words: frequency analysis, animacy hierarchy, cluster analysis, corpus method
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The influence of algal organic matter on the character of aggregates formed during the coagulation/flocculation process in drinking water treatment
Filipenská, Monika ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
Tato práce se zabývá studiem vlivu kaolinitových ástic (reprezentujících látky tvo ící zákal vody) a peptidové/proteinové složky COM (Cellular Organic Matter) produkovaných sinicí Microcystis aeruginosa na velikost, strukturu a tvar tvo ených agregát v prom nných hydrodynamických podmínkách (gradientu rychlosti) p i úprav vody. Agregace probíhala v Taylor-Couettov reaktoru. Koagulace vybraných typ zne iš ujících p ím sí (kaolinitové ástice, COM peptidy/proteiny a jejich sm s) probíhala pomocí síranu hlinitého a síranu železitého. Vzniklé agregáty byly hodnoceny ve fázi homogenní velikosti (steady state) po 60 min míchání pomocí ukazatel : velikost (polom r) agregát , fraktální dimenze D2 a Dpf a velikostní distribuce. Bylo zjišt no, že velikost agregát je závislá na typu koagula ního inidla, typu koagulované p ím si a aplikovaném gradientu rychlosti. S rostoucím gradientem rychlosti se velikost agregát zmenšuje. Železité koagula ní inidlo produkuje v tší agregáty než hlinité koagula ní inidlo. Podle p ím si roste velikost agregát v po adí kaolinit < COM < kaolinit + COM. Struktura agregát se stává kompaktn jší s gradientem rychlosti. P i použití hlinitého koagula ního inidla vznikají ve srovnání s inidlem železitým kompaktn jší agregáty (mají vyšší hodnotu D2). Kompaktnost agregát klesá v po adí...
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Characterization of extracellular and intracellular organic matter produced by phytoplankton in relation to water treatment
Zezulová, Tereza ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
This study investigated characteristics of algal organic matter (AOM) derived from four species (cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia tenuissima, diatom Fragilaria crotonensis and green alga Chlamydomonas geitleri) dominating phytoplanktonic populations in the reservoirs supplying drinking water treatment plants - the water reservoirs Švihov (the Želivka water treatment plant) and Josefův Důl (the Jizerské Mountains), Czech Republic. The four mentioned microorganisms were cultivated under laboratory conditions and the algal growth was quantified by a number of cells, chrorophyll-a and optical density. Production of AOM was evaluated by dissolved organic carbon concentration measurements, by specific UV absorbance, the amount of peptide/protein and non-peptide (carbohydrate) contents, water affinity and molecular weight (MW). AOM of all considered microorganisms are formed predominantly by hydrophilic substances with low values of specific UV absorbance (< 2 L/(m.mg)). Considerable portions of both types of AOM, i.e. extracellular and cellular organic matters are represented by substances with MW < 1 kDa or with MW > 100 kDa. However, the total amount and composition of AOM significantly depend on algal species and their growth. The obtained results imply that the knowledge of AOM...
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Adsorption of organic compounds onto activated carbon in water treatment process
Kopecká, Ivana ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Benešová, Libuše (referee) ; Janda, Václav (referee)
The dissertation thesis focuses on the application of activated carbon for the removal of low molecular weight algal organic matter (AOM) produced by phytoplankton during drinking water treatment, as well as on the effect of AOM on adsorption of anthropogenic micropollutants contained in raw water. The results of this study have been published in international peer-reviewed journals in 4 papers and in 2 conference contributions. The efficiency of AOM removal was studied in laboratory equilibrium and kinetic experiments using different types of granular activated carbon and cellular peptides with molecular weight < 10 kDa produced by cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. It has been previously confirmed that these peptides are removed with difficulty during the conventional water treatment based on coagulation/flocculation processes and therefore, other methods need to be applied for their restriction. The effect of solution properties on peptide adsorption was assessed by the tests at different pH values and at variable ionic strengths. The negative impact of peptides on the adsorption of organic micropollutants present in raw water was simulated using competitive adsorption experiments with herbicides alachlor and...
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