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Structural-functional aspects of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin
Březinová, Karolína ; Bumba, Ladislav (advisor) ; Brzobohatá, Hana (referee)
Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Even though the vaccination rate of the population is high, pertussis is one of the most widespread vaccine-preventable diseases. The bacterium produces a variety of virulence factors that facilitate the process of colonization of the ciliated epithelium and infection of the upper respiratory tract. Among the most important virulence factors is the adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA). This toxin belongs to the so- called RTX (Repeat-In-ToXins) proteins, which are released from the bacterium using the Type 1 secretion apparatus (T1SS). CyaA is a multifunctional toxin, showing both hemolytic and cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic activity is caused by the N-terminal adenylyl cyclase (AC) domain, which is translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane into the cell cytosol, where upon interaction with calmodulin catalyzes the uncontrolled conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). CyaA is recognized by the integrin receptor CD11b/CD18 (also known as complement receptor type 3), which is primarily found on phagocytic cells of the host organism. This work focuses on the structural- functional aspects of the CyaA toxin and summarizes...
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Relationship between the structure of synthetic organic molecules, their behavior in the phospholipid membrane and their effect on bacteria
Brzobohatá, Hana ; Fišer, Radovan (advisor) ; Mašín, Jiří (referee)
Lipophoshopnoxins (LPPOs) are organic compounds with antimicrobial activity, which take place on the baterial membrane by forming pores. LPPOs are promising bactericidal molecules with low MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) and high HC50 (hemolytic concentration) values. Structurally, LPPOs belong to the so-called synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetics, which do not contain any peptidic bonds, but imitate the structure and function of membrane active oligopeptides (e.g. by copying the distribution of the surface charge of the molecule). The aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial properties of the molecules DR 7072, DR 34P1, DR 362 and DR 236, which represent LEGO-LPPOs as a new generation of this antimicrobials. The selected molecules differ in the length of linker module, in the structure of hydrophobic module or both. All tested molecules have comparable antimicrobial activity with MIC between 2 and 16 μg/ml and have the ability to permeabilize bacterial membrane of both Gram negatives (G- ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCM 3955) and Gram positives (G+ ; Staphylococcus aureus CCM 4223). LEGO-LPPO have different mechanism of action on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The molecules show different mechanism of action against the mentioned bacteria. The bactericidal effect on G+ is faster and...
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The deficit of children skeletal remains in European cemeteries
Vejnarová, Rebeka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Brzobohatá, Hana (referee)
This bachelor thesis seeks explanations for the deficit of juvenile skeletons on cemeteries of past populations. First we briefly describe the process of extinction of human populations in which the distinction between today's developed and developing countries is made. It is the age-specific mortality rate in developing countries, in particular the level of child mortality, which is very close to the mortality pattern of past pre-industrial populations. Then the research methods of child mortality in the past are outlined including their problems and obstacles. Subsequently, the causes which led to higher child mortality rate in the past are stated and the probable values of child mortality are found out from the available literature which uses the above mentioned methods. Particular attention is paid to the representation of children skeletal remains in cemeteries. Comparing the empirical number of children from twelve Central European cemeteries with theoretical values indicated that especially the youngest children are under-represented. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the explanation of this phenomenon by biological, cultural and methodological factors. On the basis of available data we conclude that the biological and physicochemical properties of child bones lead to poorer preservation of these...
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Isotopic profile of individuals with known osteobiographic documentation and its use for a study of past populations
Grendelová, Gréta ; Drtikolová Kaupová, Sylva (advisor) ; Brzobohatá, Hana (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of biological, socioeconomic, environmental and also physiological and pathophysiological factors on isotopic ratios of δ13 C and δ15 N bone collagen of individuals with complete osteobiographic documentation. So far, isotope analysis has been used to reconstruct the diet of past populations, without considering the effect of non- nutritive factors. The aim of this work is to describe the effect of these factors on isotopic values of carbon and nitrogen in bone tissue of individuals. The material was processed by the stable isotope analysis. The bone collagen of ribs and femurs of 45 individuals (27 males and 18 females) who were members of several related families and occupied the territory of the Czech Republic during 19th-21st century was analysed. The age range of the subjects was 20-90 years. For correct interpretation of the results, a reference set consisting of eight samples of different animal species was analysed. Significant isotope differences between families with different social status have been demonstrated in this thesis. Individuals with higher status showed higher δ15 N values. The year of death of the individual was also reflected in isotopic values, and later living individuals showed slightly reduced δ15 N, which may be due to...
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Shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia.
Brzobohatá, Hana
The aim of this study was to detect and describe the trends in shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia related to sex, age, social status and time period. The variability of its shape and form was analysed first in an early medieval sample, then in two modern populations, an early 20th century sample and the contemporary Czech population. Finally, data from the whole studied time span were analysed. The initial raw data were acquired by optical scanning and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lower limbs; the three-dimensional bone surfaces of the contemporary tibias were segmented from the clinical CT scan sequences. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical methods were applied to study the variations in shape and form quantitatively. Proximal and distal tibias were evaluated independently, and the potential influence of sex, age at death and time period were investigated. In the early medieval population, we also explored the relationship between tibial morphology and presumed social status derived from the respective grave location within the settlement. Because traditional morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant sex differences in the parameters of both tibial extremities (e.g., Steyn and Işcan, 1997; Šlaus et al., 2013), we thus assumed the...
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Mechanisms of antibiotic action and their relationship to the shape of the inhibition zones in E-test
Brzobohatá, Hana ; Fišer, Radovan (advisor) ; Vrana, Branislav (referee)
The aim of this work is antibiotic susceptibility testing, especially the method of Etest. Etest is a widespread technique due to its simplicity and accuracy in both research and clinical conditions. Understanding the method and its influencing factors is necessary for accurate reading of the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and understanding of bacteria- antibiotic interactions. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate connections between antibiotic action mechanism and zone of inhibition shape. Also, to point out the obstacles that might complicate results interpretation. The pictures of Etest results from research papers were compared to the models of antibiotic diffusion. The zone of inhibition shape is affected by the diffusion rate, molecular characteristics of antibiotic, by the bacterial strain performances and by the specific bacteria-antibiotic interactions.
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Isotopic profile of individuals with known osteobiographic documentation and its use for a study of past populations
Grendelová, Gréta ; Drtikolová Kaupová, Sylva (advisor) ; Brzobohatá, Hana (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of biological, socioeconomic, environmental and also physiological and pathophysiological factors on isotopic ratios of δ13 C and δ15 N bone collagen of individuals with complete osteobiographic documentation. So far, isotope analysis has been used to reconstruct the diet of past populations, without considering the effect of non- nutritive factors. The aim of this work is to describe the effect of these factors on isotopic values of carbon and nitrogen in bone tissue of individuals. The material was processed by the stable isotope analysis. The bone collagen of ribs and femurs of 45 individuals (27 males and 18 females) who were members of several related families and occupied the territory of the Czech Republic during 19th-21st century was analysed. The age range of the subjects was 20-90 years. For correct interpretation of the results, a reference set consisting of eight samples of different animal species was analysed. Significant isotope differences between families with different social status have been demonstrated in this thesis. Individuals with higher status showed higher δ15 N values. The year of death of the individual was also reflected in isotopic values, and later living individuals showed slightly reduced δ15 N, which may be due to...
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The use of the stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in the dietary reconstruction of the Lombard population in relation to the health status
Novotná, Adéla ; Drtikolová Kaupová, Sylva (advisor) ; Brzobohatá, Hana (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with a reconstruction of the Germanic tribe of the Lombards' diet found at Kyjov burial site dated back to the Migration Period (5th - 6th century A.D.) as well as a research of their living conditions. The principal aim is a description of this population diet and its comparison to the other populations within this period and the Early Middle Ages era. The diet was examined by considering of carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) stable isotopes analysis received and evaluated from a group of 60 adult individuals (30 men and 30 females). In regard to the interpretation of the isotopes values, the stable isotopes C and N were present in some animal species (N=19). Apart from the above mentioned, several significant health indicators were chosen for evaluation which indirectly show health condition and quality of living conditions of the examined group. These health indicators were evaluated in relation to the diet. The results of this study indicate that the diet of Lombards' population was based on C3 plants and animal proteins, which is similar to the other localities in the time of the Migration Period. It shows a difference, namely in consumption of millet, providing that the Lombards to the Great Moravian's localities are compared. The millet seemed to be common part of...
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Shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia.
Brzobohatá, Hana ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Beňuš, Radoslav (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The aim of this study was to detect and describe the trends in shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia related to sex, age, social status and time period. The variability of its shape and form was analysed first in an early medieval sample, then in two modern populations, an early 20th century sample and the contemporary Czech population. Finally, data from the whole studied time span were analysed. The initial raw data were acquired by optical scanning and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lower limbs; the three-dimensional bone surfaces of the contemporary tibias were segmented from the clinical CT scan sequences. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical methods were applied to study the variations in shape and form quantitatively. Proximal and distal tibias were evaluated independently, and the potential influence of sex, age at death and time period were investigated. In the early medieval population, we also explored the relationship between tibial morphology and presumed social status derived from the respective grave location within the settlement. Because traditional morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant sex differences in the parameters of both tibial extremities (e.g., Steyn and Işcan, 1997; Šlaus et al., 2013), we thus assumed the...
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Shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia.
Brzobohatá, Hana
The aim of this study was to detect and describe the trends in shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia related to sex, age, social status and time period. The variability of its shape and form was analysed first in an early medieval sample, then in two modern populations, an early 20th century sample and the contemporary Czech population. Finally, data from the whole studied time span were analysed. The initial raw data were acquired by optical scanning and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lower limbs; the three-dimensional bone surfaces of the contemporary tibias were segmented from the clinical CT scan sequences. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical methods were applied to study the variations in shape and form quantitatively. Proximal and distal tibias were evaluated independently, and the potential influence of sex, age at death and time period were investigated. In the early medieval population, we also explored the relationship between tibial morphology and presumed social status derived from the respective grave location within the settlement. Because traditional morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant sex differences in the parameters of both tibial extremities (e.g., Steyn and Işcan, 1997; Šlaus et al., 2013), we thus assumed the...
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