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Towards some problems of impersonal expressions with regard to Italian, French and Czech
Trousil, Štěpán ; Špaček, Jiří (advisor) ; Štichauer, Pavel (referee)
This study deals in a synthetic way with the problems of impersonal expressions and of the concept of impersonality in linguistics both on the general level and with a special regard to the Italian, French and Czech languages which represent the basic source of examples used to illustrate the phenomena described. First, the author considers on which principles is based the phenomenon of impersonality and which are the ontological grounds of impersonal expressions. This consideration results in the statement that the problem is based on different criteria that have in common the principle of negation of the concept person. The person is considered from different points of view: on one hand as a human beiing at the referencial level, on the other hand as a grammar cathegory (first, second and third person) and, in particular, as a personal agent. In accordance with this assertion the impersonal expressions are all types of expressions that do not serve to express the concept of person regarded from any criterion mentioned above. The whole of these means and linguistic elements include, besides the impersonal verbs that indicate natural phenomena and processes represented in the same way, the expressions that are impersonal by their grammatical structure and different expressions in which the impersonality...
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Verbs in the textbooks of Italian language with a focus on indicative tenses
Prokopiusová, Jana ; Špaček, Jiří (referee) ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor)
The main impulse for this thesis work, called Verbs in the Textbooks of Italian Language with a Focus on Indicative Tenses, were some findings and conclusions made by renowned Italian linguists who specialise in the field of second language acquisition. The problem in its general aspects is summarized in the first part of the work: I outline briefly various aspects of language acquisition, the process of acquisition in Italian language, and then I am reflecting on the practical usage of this issue. The largest space is devoted to individual stages of acquisition of verbal tenses in indicative, which is the main focus of the thesis. According to the selected and quoted studies, it is possible to determine certain chronology of grammar tenses acquisition generally applicable when studying a foreign language. The order should preferably be: present tense (presente) - passato prossimo - past imperfect (imperfetto) - future tense (futuro) - (passato remoto). After describing these tenses, their functions and usage based on various Italian grammar books, I concentrated on how these tenses are described and explained in selected study books for students of Italian. My main interest was to map up to which extent these books are in concordance with the mentioned natural chronology of grammar acquisition. The result...
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Anglicisms in Italian media with a focus on Anglicisms in Italian vocabulary of printed magazines
Machková, Veronika ; Špaček, Jiří (referee) ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor)
The diploma thesis of Anglicisms in Italian Media with a Focus on Anglicisms in Italian Vocabulary of Printed Magazines is centred around a key problem: the influence of English language on Italian. The goal of the degree work is to prove via an analysis of fourteen of the most popular Italian printed magazines, which are read by millions of Italians every week, that the influence of English on Italian language is quite negative. The expressions which are used in both spoken language and the printed one are not only technical terms; the majority of the words are common expressions used in everyday life which have Italian equivalents. In my opinion, it is mainly media that is the source of new English words floating into Italian and the journalists who support the people in using them. As I have tried to prove in the various tables which contain all the words used in all the magazines, the phenomenon concerns all kinds of media. Anglicisms are used in magazines designated to young people, who are among the most knowledgeable in English language, as well as in magazines for older people who don't speak English at all. Moreover, there is no difference in the kind of topics: anglicisms are used in articles about business, politics, and economy the same way as in articles about entertainment and show business...
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Nowadays tendencies in developing of writing skills in Spanish language based on the analysis of textbooks
Malá, Alena ; Zavadil, Bohumil (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis concerns the topic of writing skills in foreign language textbooks of Spanish. The original idea was that there are not enough exercises in the textbooks and that writing is not practised sufficiently. In the theoretical part there are explanations about the concept of writing. Then the mutual influence of language skills and writing is treated. The next chapter deals with psycholinguistics and its approach towards writing skills. In the following chapter lingvodidactics and writing is outlined. Next, there is a chapter dedicated to methodological streams in foreign language teaching from history till nowadays and their appreciation of writing. Attitude towards writing is also reflected in two important documents of the European Union: the Common European Framework for Languages and Portfolio. In the penultimate chapter exercises dedicated to writing are divided into different groups. In the last chapter of the theoretical part ideas of the author about teaching writing in a foreign language are presented. The practical part starts with a detailed analysis of six Spanish textbooks: Španělština pro jazykové školy I., II., Fiesta 1, 2, 3, Ven 1, 2, 3, Espaol sin fronteras 1, 2, 3, Primer Plano 1, 2, 3, 4 a Suea 1, 2, 3, 4 (for all levels: teacher's books, student's books and workbooks). The...
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The compounds in present-day Italian with special reference to exocentric formations
Langrová, Jana ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
V této diplomové práci se zaměřím na kompozita v současné italštině. Mohou být tvořena italskými elementy (viz kap. 2-11), nebo neoklasickými elementy (viz kap.13). Mým cílem bude zpracovat kompozita tvořena italskými elementy. Nejprve vysvětlím v čem kompozice spočívá, čím jsou kompozita charakteristická a čím se liší od jiných způsobů tvoření slov v italštině. Některé vlastnosti porovnám i s jinými jazyky. Dále se zmíním o derivaci kompozit, i když je to velmi řídký jev.
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The evolution of noun's categories
Šachová, Lenka ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
The thesis "The evolution of noun's categories" describes how Latin nouns changed into Italian nouns in respect of their categories. First of all the evolution of the latin declension system into Italian classes is discussed. Five latin declensions are reduced to three Italian classes by moving the nouns from the fourth and fifth declensions to the one of three Italian classes. The second chapter deals with the Latin case system which disappeared in the Italian language and it also deals with the reasons for this development. It is shown that the Italian nouns are morphologically invariant and they derive from Latin accusative forms. Then there the expression of the case functions by word order and by the deployment of prepositions is addressed. The number in the noun is discussed in the third chapter where the modern Italian system of number inflection is also described. In this chapter properties of irregular plurals are also described. The class of masculine singular nouns ending in -o, which have the property of dispaying grammatically feminine plurals with inflection identical to that of the first class feminine -a are dealt with in more depth. The fourth chapter focuses on gender which is largely arbitrary both in Latin and in Italian. The problem of gender is first discussed from a pure theoretical...
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Alteration: diminutives and augmentatives in contemporary Italian
Neuwirth, František ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
The aim of this paper is to offer a complete picture of alteration in Italian, of the suffixes used, their meaning, and the frequency of their use. Apart of the necessary technical literature, we have employed the following work tools: electronic dictionaries (Lo Zingarelli 2007, Sabatini Coletti 2006, Il Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca), corpora (CORlS, La Repubblica) and text databases (Letteratura italiana Zanichelli 4.0, Factiva). We have also made use of examples manually excerpted from literary texts. The paper is structured into two basic parts. The first part (chapters I to V) is rather theory-focused and its aim is to present the actual knowledge on alteration in Italian. In chapter I we describe basic proprieties of alteration and demonstrate them on examples. In chapters II and III we study the semantics of alteration, first in general, then with regard to the single alterative suffixes. We draw up a very complete list of alterative suffixes and provide their characteristics, we attempt to systemize the suffixes according to their meaning, and we investigate historical background of some suffixes. Chapter IV deals with suffix accumulation and with interfixes. In chapter V we investigate pragmatic meanings of alterative suffixes and also those of interfixes. The second part of the paper...
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Significance of detection of human papillomaviruses in draining lymph nodes in cervical cancer paients
Sláma, Jiří ; Dundr, Pavel (advisor) ; Svoboda, Bohuslav (referee) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
Background: Metastatic involvement of pelvic nodes is the most important prognostic parameter in early-stage cervical cancer. Still, approximately 15% of patients with negative pelvic nodes experience recurrence, majority of them in the pelvis. The presence of HPV DNA in histology-negative pelvic nodes is considered a subclinical metastatic spread. Methods: Patients with early-stage cervical cancer referred for surgical treatment were enrolled in the study. Cytobrush technique was used for sample collection from the fresh tissue to avoid any loss of material for histology. Results: Altogether, 49 patients were enrolled in the study. High-risk (HR) HPV was identified in the tumor in 91.8% patients, and in the sentinel node or other pelvic nodes in 49.9% patients. Among the 10 HR HPV genotypes detected, HPV 16 was the most frequently represented in both the tumor and the lymph nodes (66.7% and 71.4%, respectively). All metastatic lymph nodes were HPV positive. Conclusion: The presence of HR HPV DNA in a sentinel node had a positive predictive value for metastatic involvement of pelvic lymph nodes in our study. This could be considered a sign of an early subclinical metastatic spread; however, the prognostic value has to be evaluated through a longer follow-up.
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Alteration: diminutives and augmentatives in contemporary Italian
Neuwirth, František ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
The aim of this paper is to offer a complete picture of alteration in Italian, of the suffixes used, their meaning, and the frequency of their use. Apart of the necessary technical literature, we have employed the following work tools: electronic dictionaries (Lo Zingarelli 2007, Sabatini Coletti 2006, Il Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca), corpora (CORlS, La Repubblica) and text databases (Letteratura italiana Zanichelli 4.0, Factiva). We have also made use of examples manually excerpted from literary texts. The paper is structured into two basic parts. The first part (chapters I to V) is rather theory-focused and its aim is to present the actual knowledge on alteration in Italian. In chapter I we describe basic proprieties of alteration and demonstrate them on examples. In chapters II and III we study the semantics of alteration, first in general, then with regard to the single alterative suffixes. We draw up a very complete list of alterative suffixes and provide their characteristics, we attempt to systemize the suffixes according to their meaning, and we investigate historical background of some suffixes. Chapter IV deals with suffix accumulation and with interfixes. In chapter V we investigate pragmatic meanings of alterative suffixes and also those of interfixes. The second part of the paper...
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