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Judgment and Action. On the Concept of Judging in Arendt and Gadamer
Novák, Jakub ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Holub, Štěpán (referee)
The dissertation focuses on the theme of practical judgment (i.e. judgment related to human action) in Hannah Arendt and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Despite substantial differences in philosophical approaches, perspectives and motivation, I show that there are important areas of overlapping. I approach the problem of judgment in a systematic way, being fully aware that especially Hannah Arendt does not treat judgment systematically; what is more, a book she meant to dedicate to the problem of judging remained unwritten. The dissertation is divided into three parts. I start with the relation between judgment and rules. The second theme is judgments' validity, especially the specific kind of validity of political and moral judgments, while the third part concentrates on how judgment is related to other people and the world. I also try to evaluate the way Arendt interprets Kant's theory of aesthetic judgment as well as Gadamer's criticism of Kant. In the third part I investigate not so well known areas of Gadamer's and Arendt's philosophy such as their notion of solidarity and the way how they grasp the relation between judgment and responsibility (or responsibility of judgment, both towards one's own self and towards the world).
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What guilt involves
Dřínková, Mirka ; Ritter, Martin (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
The exposition begins with a vulgar notion of guilt and the author tries to disclose what such a notion typically involves. This then becomes the starting point for an attempt at clarification of various meanings of "to be guilty". The concept of guilt is analyzed and treated in connection with human notions of the sacred and of the conditions of power that the man confronts. Several ways of interpreting or reducing guilt emerge in the course of the discussion; yet while they are noticed, the principal strain of the study is a pursuit for more interpretations that transcend the ones already established. Each interpretation thus discerned refers to a certain self-interpretation of man. Putting to one side psychological explanations, the common ground of all the interpretations seems to be a reference to an existing order that is related to the human actions. Moreover, various interpretations assume some sort of freedom of man, that is to say, either the freedom to resist the established structures of power, or else to usurp the power for oneself and to enforce one's own ideas as to how thing are to go, or else the freedom to meet certain values and demands inflicted upon the human actions. All the instances of guilt also seem to share an association with the notion of disrespect towards something that...
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On geometry in fundamental ontology
Kovář, Vojtěch ; Kouba, Petr (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The following text attempts to rethink the challenge of Edmund Husserl in his text On the Origin of Geometry. Interpretation of fundamental ontology developed by Martin Heidegger in Being and Time provides field on which it is possible to try to answer the question of the origin of geometry. It is conceived as a completely unique ontological possibility that nature is able to vouch for an explanation of the geometry.
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Martin Heidegger: Man, World and Space
Kocman, Vojtěch ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
5 Abstract This essay presents an attempt to interpret the key moments of Heidegger's conception of spaciousness. Considering the fact, that Heidegger didn't publish his understanding of spaciousness in any systematic form, it is necessary to work with a great amount of primary texts often available only in a fragmentary shape. Another difficulty is given by the author's use of language, which requires very demanding translations; we always translate the source texts in this paper. Within his conception termed as the topology of being Heidegger attempts to think about the space not as a measurable quantity, but in correlation with the Greek concept of τόπος, i.e. the qualitatively determined place. This essay concentrates on Heidegger's early work as well as on his late period, during which the topological thinking plays a central role; it also tries to identify the connection between them. The understanding of thinking as a way is essential, as well as the connection of thinking and poetry and the relation between space and time, which are considered of equal value in Heidegger's late work. Merely outlined remain other directions, which may be taken by further research within Heidegger's concept of spaciousness: the critique of the contemporary way of the uncovering of the world, the deepened relation with...
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The term "discourse" in Foucault's work
Vácha, Ondřej ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Bachelor Degree Thesis "The Term 'Discourse' in Foucault's work" focuses on elaboration of basic questions connected with Foucault's theory of discourses. It questions, whether the project is self-refuting or not and what are the main goals of the project. An analysis of R.Rorty's text "Foucault and epistemology" introduces the question what is the relation between classical epistemological tradition and Foucault's archaeology. For elaboration of this question the thesis analyses Foucault's text called "The Order of Discourse" and mainly "The Archaeology of knowledge". It concludes that Foucault's theory at it's roots enables to use the term "discourse" in such a wide significance, that Foucault can use the term as the base for a narrow interconnection of epistemology and political philosophy.
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Bachtin's philosophy of language
Kučerová, Barbora ; Fulka, Josef (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
This present looks into the philosophy of language and meaning in Bachtin's writings. Our research into the constitution of meaning is founded in utterance, which is in the life access grasped as a dialog. There are three central points by which we approach this topic. First of all I would like to clarify Bachtin's proposition about relation between utterance and non-language reality by polemic with Saussure. Meaning of language is constituted in forms of speech, which are founded in interest groups - this is non-language reality, and always bears some evaluation. Moreover, I demonstrate that particular speaker and listener are not essential for understanding of the utterance but interest groups are the basis of explanation the utterance like dialog. Each utterance is realized on the border of other's utterances and this is the reason why meaning cannot be conceived as identical with itself, but is determined by dialog with other evaluations. Therefore, meaning always bears some evaluation, there are not one universal language, but heteroglossia. Keywords utterance meaning evaluation speech form dialog
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Problem of self-fullfillment in the philosophy of Jan Patočka
Härtel, Filip Hanuš ; Ritter, Martin (advisor) ; Kouba, Pavel (referee)
Topic of this thesis is problem of selffullfiment or a question what does it mean to live meaningful life. The problem will be dealed with texts of Jan Patočka which are summed up in a conception called Negative Platonism. Patočka tries to solve this question by discussion with existencialists and by searching main sense of metaphysics. His own ideas are formulated especially by describing Socrates and Plato's terms Idea and chorismos. After analyzing Patočka's text I will deal with the question of specifics of Patočka's philosophy and his own help to understand the problem of self fullfilment. This topic will be expanded on selffullfilment as a task of our whole life concentrated on relation to transcendence.
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On immaculate knowledge
Lomozová, Petra ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
This paper interprets the basic motives from the chapter "On Immaculate Knowledge" (or "On Immaculate Perception") of the second part of Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. This interpretation is used for the explanation of Nietzsche's account of knowledge in its relation to will and for his critical reflexion of the same question in Schopenhauer. It concerns with Schopenhauer's and Nietzsche's conception of body, will and knowledge. It focuses on the question of pure knowledge, perspectivism, active and reactive valuation, the idea of the sublime and of the strong will in Nietzsche. Finally it it offers an interpretation of Nietzsche's conception of beauty as a creative will and of the process of transformation of the will into the creative will.
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