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Logic of questions
Peliš, Michal ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Sedlár, Igor (referee) ; Wiśniewski, Andrzej (referee)
Logic of Questions Michal Peliš PhD Thesis Abstract The thesis deals with logic of questions (erotetic logic), which is one of the branches of non- classical logic. In the introductory part we speak generally about formalization of questions and the newest approaches to questions in logic are summed up. We introduce a formalization based on sets of direct answers and point out the role of inferences with questions. The rest of the thesis consists of two parts that can be read independently. The first part focuses on relationships among consequence relations in inferential erotetic logic (IEL). We keep the framework of original IEL, introduced by Andrzej Wiśniewski, together with the representation of questions by sets of direct answers. Answers are strictly formulas of the declarative language. The mix of interrogatives and declaratives occours just on the level of consequences. Consequence relations with questions are defined by means of multiple-conclusion entailment among sets of declarative formulas. This way, one can work with classes of models and to make transparent some properties and relationships. We provide a general study of erotetic inferences based on IEL that is open for non-classical applications. The second part contains epistemic erotetic logic. A question is understood as a set of direct...
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Truth between syntax and semantics
Procházka, Karel ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Awodey, Steve (referee)
The broad aim of this thesis is to clarify the relationship between syntax and semantics, mainly in connection with languages with exactly speci ed structure. The main questions we raise are: What is it that makes a semantic concept genuinely semantic? What exactly makes a merely semantic characterization of such a concept inadequate? What is the decisive step we have to make if we want to start speaking about the meaning-side of language? We approach these questions indirectly: via an analysis of a typically semantic concept, namely that of truth. Our principal question then becomes: What conceptual resources are required for a satisfactory de nition of truth? To investigate the concept of truth and di erent ways in which it can be de ned, we have chosen three individual systems: (a cumulative version of) Russell's rami ed theory of types, Zermelo's second-order set theory and Carnap's logical syntax. Each of the systems is studied in considerable detail. The presented thesis is, in e ect, a collection of three case-studies into the ways in which the concept of truth is explicitly de nable and into the requisite conceptual background, each study forming a more or less closed unity. It should be noted that we are not interested in a historically faithful representation of these systems; our goal is to get...
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Semantic Network - Manual Annotation and its Evaluation
Novák, Václav ; Hajič, Jan (advisor) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Štěpánek, Jan (referee)
The Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) is a valuable resource of linguistic information annotated on several layers. These layers range from shallow to deep and they should contain all the linguistic information about the text. The natural extension is to add a semantic layer suitable as a knowledge base for tasks like question answering, information extraction etc. In this thesis I set up criteria for this representation, explore the possible formalisms for this task and discuss their properties. One of them, Multilayered Extended Semantic Networks (MultiNet), is chosen for further investigation. Its properties are described and an annotation process set up. I discuss some practical modifications of MultiNet for the purpose of manual annotation. MultiNet elements are compared to the elements of the deep linguistic layer of PDT. The tools and problems of the annotation process are presented and initial annotation data evaluated.
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Language and individuality. Some remarks on comparing Wittgenstein with Husserl and Heidegger
Beran, Ondřej ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kouba, Pavel (referee) ; Glombíček, Petr (referee)
The work compares Wittgenstein with Husserl and Heidegger (or more generally: analytical and continental philosophy), but its character is rather systematic, as it treats the question of the relation among language, intersubjectivity and individuality. Husserl and Wittgensten show that our experience of the world (world as we know it) is always our experience of the world ("the world as it is for us"), that this experience is essentially intersubjective, and that intersubjectivity is essentially linguistic. The shape of the experience of the world is not arbitrary, but it cannot be based "realistically" on the "objective" world, at most it can be founded "from inside", pragmatically. The primarily pragmatic nature of our experience allows its variation (a plausible form of relativism), and on the other hand it makes it problematic to try to set the purpose of the experience beyond its limits (an absolute teleology of history). It is also shown that Husserl's conception, setting the non-linguistic life of the consciousness "before" language and individual subjectivity "before" intersubjectivity, faces certain problems, or that we cannot conceive phenomena of thought (psychic life) and individuality, as we usually understand them, this way. Heidegger agrees with Wittgenstein in the point that language is...
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Maurice Drury and Ludwig Wittgenstein
Schmoranz, Tereza ; Hill, James (referee) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor)
The aim oj this essay is to "discover" for the Czech scholarly public a work of considerable importance for both the field of philosophy and the domain established on the borderline between philosophy and psychiatry. In a critical analysis oj the application ofWi ttgenstein 's philosophical method to some of the delicate problems of psychiatry, this essay intends to contribute to a deeper insight into the relationship between these fields and also to facilitate their interaction.
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Formalization of reasoning and the paradox of surprise examination
Nevrkla, Svatopluk ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Svoboda, Vladimír (advisor)
Po prezentaci možných přístupů k řešení problému v první kapitole jsem ve druhé kapitole poukázal na Sorensenovu kritiku pokusů interpretovat paradox jinak, než pomocí modálních reprezentací epistemických, či doxastických logik. Třetí kapitola byla věnována představení potřebných pojmů k pochopení Binkleyho přínosu k diskuzi paradoxu. V kapitole čtvrté jsem nakonec ukázal, že pokud se přidržíme výše zmíněného přístupu a idealizujeme si usuzovací schopnosti studenta, je analýza paradoxu, kterou provedl Binkley, korektní. Učitelovo oznámení se nám však zdá intuitivně srozumitelné a důvěryhodné, jelikož sami původně nepředjímáme studentův argument v celé komplexnosti. Pokud se s ním však již jednou ztotožníme, nezbude nám než učitelovo tvrzení odmítnout jako absurdní. Budoucnost možných příspěvků k Paradoxu překvapivé písemky pak vidím ve formalismech, které směřují k popisu explicitních znalostí.
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The malfunction concept in complex systems
Švarný, Petr ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Jirků, Petr (advisor)
The paper studies the concept of malfunction or illness, which are characterized by nonstandard or undesirable behaviour of the given complex systems. The parallels and differences between natural and artificial mind, simple and complex systems are shown to be crucial for the conclusion, that mental disorders must not be restricted to human minds.
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Protocolar and observation sentences
Navara, David ; Svoboda, Vladimír (referee) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor)
This work focuses on the comparison of Carnap's account of protocolar sentences and Quine's account of observation sentences. Carnap's works on protocolar sentences date back to the beginning of 1930's. His chief idea was to make a bridge between science and experience and to transmit the connection between the terms of various scientific fields. Some of Carnap's ideas were questioned by Otto Neurath, who shared with Carnap the physicalistic approach, but had a different view on the desirable features of the protocolar sentences. Within Carnap's theory, protocolar sentences were intended to refer to the sensory characteristics of the physical world. The very conception of protocolar sentences was inspired by physicist's or psychologist's reports, but protocolar sentences in Carnapean sense could also be produced by animals or machines. Carnap originally believed some protocolar sentences to be fundamental and unquestionable. They should have afforded a safe ground for the development of science. Neurath's objections against such a view forced Carnap to adjust his own theory. Carnap also gave up his hopes of total verification, but still expected his theory to enable the confirmation of the general statements of the form "Every X is Y." with a sufficient level of certainty. Carnap's conception faced various...
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Compactness in non-classical logics
Ivaničová, Petra ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Hájek, Petr (advisor)
This work systematically studies the concept of compactness in classical propositional logic as well as various concepts of compactness and their relation to different notions of completeness in the framework of the general theory of consequence relations. It also considers the compactness in various basic non-classical logics - fuzzy and modal propositional fuzzy logics.
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